Impact of Sadness and Anxiety on Individuals-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Impact Of Sadness And Anxiety On Individuals? Answer: Presentation A few examinations uncover that an expected five percent of the working populace have passionate clutters connected to despondency or nervousness (Sanderson Andrews, 2006). There is proof that these scatters disable the capacity of people to perform better grinding away (Lagerveld et al., 2010). Ashkanasy, Zerbe Hrtel (2000) takes note of that as a rule, individuals a to ponder work to the detriment of those individuals with passionate issues, or thinking reasonably and in apathetic financial terms concern the collaboration between the individuals and the association. In an examination led by Westen, Burton Kowalski (2006), it is noticed that however not a few people experience enthusiastic issues, everyone experience changed feelings, indeed, different and various feelings in a solitary day. A few points of view have investigated how feelings impact dynamic (Brief Wiess, 2002). Basic Review This survey means to evaluate the likely effect of despondency and nervousness on how individuals settle on choices and communications that are basic to hierarchical conduct. Thusly, this audit is centered around contrasts in misery and nervousness experienced by numerous laborers, rather than enthusiastic clutters. This audit begins by giving a layout of hypotheses about feelings and states of mind, explicitly pity and tension which influences the dynamic and decisions of people in an association. Further, the audit expects to look at the impact of pity and uneasiness on relational collaboration, relational recognition, and dynamic. Pertinent Theories Various mental hypotheses set that when people feel on edge or bitterness, it debilitates their judgment, dynamic, and assessment with respect to influence consistent bearing (Bower, 1991). In such manner, the choices caused will to be identified with the general valence of a person's mind-set (Clore Gasper, 2000). Proof has indicated that when individuals are pitiful, they will in general settle on terrible or negative choices. For example, if an organization offers a prize, a person who is pitiful can see it in an adverse way rather than a glad individual (Forgas George, 2001). The influence compatible variables that are utilized to assess how an outcome is esteemed may impact representatives choices to seek after remunerations in an association (Vroom, 1964). The influence congruency point of view has an innate impediment since it successfully makes a supposition that each feeling of comparative valence, for instance, misery and nervousness prompts same result (Raghunathan Pham, 1999). Studies done by Learner, Small Loewenstein (2004) have refuted this attestation by uncovering that sicken and pity have shifted sway on an individual in regards to choices made for monetary reasons. Gino, Brooks Schweitzer (2012) contended that outrage and nervousness effectsly affect how individuals secure and utilization of counsel to advise their choices. In this manner, if influence congruity meant a general impact, as set by Mayer, Gaschke, Braverman Evans (1992), at that point every single terrible state of mind should prompt comparable results. There are different speculations that clarify the how dynamic is affected by trouble and uneasiness. The Different Affect Different Effect model, places that that trouble and tension lead to different perspectives, that winds up in various results in a comparable circumstance most definitely (Ragunathan Corfman, 2004). The DADE contends that when people feel on edge, they persuade inspiration to be quick to the encompassing and keep away from famous dangers and dangers (Maner et al., 2007; Raghunathan Corfman, 2004). As indicated by Eysenck, Payne, Santos (2006), there is have to stress over a danger or something that is going to turn out badly some place. Shockingly, when individuals feel dismal, it implies that something awful has just occurred (Essence et al., 2006). Subsequently, in light of DADE, individuals are roused to be upbeat again and endeavor to look for joy and results as opposed to focusing on dangers and dangers. While influence congruity keeps up that bitterness and tension firmly influence the result of a specific choice, the DADE model places that nervousness and misery influence the result in various measures and heading. A few scholars have that uneasiness influences a people data preparing limit since they frequently center a lot of their consideration around pessimism henceforth winding up with deficient subjective assets (Darke, 1988; Eysenck, 1992). Proof recommends that trouble and nervousness may meddle with a people capacity important decisions (Mui, Heilman, Houser, 2008). Late investigations have recommended that when people experience uneasiness, they get the inspiration to balance the confinements set on their intellectual assets (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos Calvo, 2007). An issue that emerges out of this contention is that the extra exertion intended to beat these intellectual restrictions is all the more regularly flawed. This is so specific in conditions where the errand is intellectually requesting, for example, a mind boggling dynamic. A few researchers have contended against the thought that nervousness weakens dynamic and data preparing by setting that misery should add to upgraded dynamic and data handling (Bless, 2001). There are likewise researchers who bolster the contentions of the DADE model by contending that pity signs to think profoundly at whatever point there is something occurring or going to happen an in order to fix it (Lerner et al., 2004). Darke (1988) contends that while pity restrains a people data handling, (Bless, 2001) misery doesn't. Forgas (2002) opines that trouble persuades careful, profound, and investigative data preparing. Effect of Anxiety on Interpersonal Perception Cooperation among individuals in an association is exceptionally urgent. Furthermore, productive correspondence and reasonable relational dynamic advance smooth running of an association (Ivancevich, Konopaske Matteson, 2011). It gets the job done to call attention to that there are a few different ways misery and nervousness efficiently influence relational connections, choices, and discernment in an authoritative settings. Individuals have been found to participate in negative assessment of their partners, and this is steady with the contentions of effect congruity (Forgas, 1990). Despite what might be expected, a few discoveries have indicated stamped irregularity. In an investigation done by Lambert, Khan, Lickel Fricke (1997) dismal individuals demonstrated a positive assessment of their partners at work. Pitiful individuals are accepted to concentrate more on negative musings and thus impact the choices that they make (Forgas, 1995). Besides, in conditions where individuals build up a precise impression of others, the profound thought by tragic people may prompt a less exact assessment on a subsequent supposition (Ambady Gray, 2002). Nervousness prompts erroneous choices and one-sided decisions as one may depend intensely on generalizations (Curtis Locke, 2005, 2007). The impact of pity and uneasiness on relational recognition has extensive results on work-execution and dynamic. Choices made by the human asset the executives might be impacted by trouble and tension (McCarthy Goffin, 2004; Nguyen Ryan, 2008). The mentality and reasonable judgment of associates by their capacities and failures might be one-sided (Forgas Bower, 1987). Does the trick to make reference to is the way that ceaseless wretchedness and nervousness that prompts relentless negative or stereotypic assessments and desires prompts pessimism in an association (Ivancevich et al., 2011). Effect of Sadness and Anxiety on Negotiation Ivancevich et al. (2011) call attention to that haggling and arrangement are significant in each association for better outcomes. Arrangement is a sort of dynamic that involves appropriate arranging and planning; all which are vital for accomplishing ideal common outcome in an association (Ivancevich et al., 2011). A few sorts of examination have inspected the effect that tragic and on edge individuals have on arrangement and the outcomes. It is indispensable to call attention to that these investigations have collectively concurred that both bitterness and uneasiness influence exchange adversely. Studies on pity have uncovered that it lessens participation and thusly, raises the degree of rivalry during arrangements (Forgas, 1998). Forgas (2002) that pity prompts negativity henceforth the challenges in dealings. In such manner, skeptical individuals of do not have oneself drive to make explicit exchange plans and frequently show elevated requirements in an arrangement procedure (For gas, 1998). Uneasiness additionally influences exchange procedure and execution (Brooks Schweitzer, 2011). Nervousness is accepted to upgrade people groups wants to acknowledge bargains that are offered to them while pitiful individuals are related with diminished arrangement making. As indicated by Brooks Schweitzer (2011), uneasiness impacts a people first offers since will in general give a lower introductory proposal during exchanges. Studies have demonstrated inspiration that underlies poor exchange execution is comprehended with regards to the outer condition and the person. As per Forgas (1998), the impact of pity on arrangement is simply determined by cynicism because of negative thoughts. Then again, nervousness impacts arrangement through a decrease in self-assurance (Brooks Schweitzer, 2011). Impact of Sadness and Anxiety on Requests and Advice It is significant that solicitations and counsel are basic in relational communication in an association since they improve data obtaining for settling on educated choices (Gino et al. 2012). A few examinations have uncovered that misery and nervousness impact how people look for counsel and make demands in an association. How individuals outline their solicitations and look for guidance can impact others in the association as they decide if the activities are legitimate (Yukl, Seifert Chavez, 2008). Solicitations oug

Nature of Justice in the Soul and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nature of Justice in the Soul and State - Essay Example On an individual view, the meaning of equity can be coherent dependent on the way that the three segments of the spirit can significantly influence the idea of equity. There is just one inquiry as far as the way that reason, soul and hunger can be considered as abstract or individual. This had been replied in the view that the spirit is the microcosm of the state. Because of the way that spirit is difficult to examine, the relating occasions in the state can be concentrated to have the option to comprehend the spirit (Republic 436b8â€9). With this relationship, it had been viewed as that by dealing with the state well, the spirit can accomplish satisfaction. For instance, the piece of the spirit, reason is for the most part keen on information. In the state, reason compares to logicians who have the righteousness of insight. Respect is the fundamental enthusiasm of the soul and is controlled by the warriors who have the temperance of mental fortitude. Want, which is the third part of the spirit, can be likened to the average citizens since the fundamental intrigue is to accomplish joys. They have the ideals of balance (Republic 415a-433e). Glancing through the various ideals, equity can't be found. The fundamental perspective on Plato is that equity can be found in the entirety of the classes in the general public, albeit every one may have distinctive view of the idea. In the discourse, various people offered their thoughts which all had legitimate focuses. Cephalus said that equity is tied in with coming clean and reimbursing obligations, yet Socrates called attention to that it tends to be valid however not in any way times or circumstances (Republic 331c). Polemarchus on the other had said that equity is â€Å"giving to every what is owed† yet Socrates brought up this can estrange the individuals who had done violations which can prompt more wrongdoings or wrong doings (Republic 335d). Each speaker in the discourse had a point explicitly Socrates. Different speakers were worried about the utilization of the meaning of equity to their own field yet Socrates had the option to introduce the various sides on a general term. The primary concern in the perspective on equity, in light of the understanding at that point, is that equity doesn't think about sides, viewpoints, temperances, or different components in the social structure that individuals regarded significant. The principle explanation behind this is unprejudiced nature. Plato is correct soul and state are the primary ground where the standards of equity will be applied. For this situation, it is emotional in the first place. There will never be an outright right or a flat out wrong. The view that Plato saw equity to be in all the classes and all the segments of the spirit is his own rendition of unbiasedness. Regardless of how he considered that the philosophers’ jobs in the general public are the most significant in all classes, he despite everything accepted th at equity can be accomplished by the plebeians. 2. Qualities of a Good Citizen and the Possibility of Utopian State There are various meanings of the term resident relying upon the savants or the specific circumstance. In view of Plato’s see in the Republic, a productive member of society partakes and adds to the accomplishment of the objectives of the state. He communicated in his work that the individuals who takes part in administration are the resident. For the Utopian culture, he residents are the logicians, while the others are the individuals being driven and controlled over. Plato’s theory on productive member of society and even the presence of individuals rotate around the political ideas (Republic 415a-433e). Thoreau depicted productive members of society as dynamic individuals with objectives

How to Find Happiness in Your Life

How to Find Happiness in Your Life Happiness Print How to Find Happiness in Your Life By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on July 21, 2019 More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand Always Be Improving Surround Yourself With Happy People Recall Positive Memories Collective Goals or Self-Transcendence View All Back To Top Are you on a quest to find happiness? While happiness might feel elusive or out of your reach at times, that doesnt make it an impossible journey or goal to achieve. On the contrary, happiness could be waiting for you around the next corner if you just hang on. Or, it might be even simpler than that. Happiness might have been with you all alongâ€"you just may not have taken the time to realize it was much less complicated than you once believed. You probably know its not about driving the newest car or having the latest gadget. But, what is it that really drives happiness? Lets consider four studies from around the world to answer that question. Verywell / JR Bee     Always Be Improving A 2007 study reporting on data from the British Household Panel Survey revealed an interesting set of findings of the roots of happiness. What is it that makes us happy: getting what we want or having what we want? Paradoxically, it seems that its not the state of being married that makes us the happiest, but rather dynamic events such as starting a new relationship. In the same way, getting a new job had a greater effect on happiness than employment status. Becoming pregnant had a greater effect on happiness than being a parent. Similarly, events such as starting a new course, passing an exam, or buying a new house were all also high on the happiness scale. In contrast, events with a low relation to happiness included the end of a relationship, losing a job, and losing a parent. What does all this mean, and what is making people in Britain happy? Lets take a moment to figure this out. Positive dynamic events seem to be key rather than static situations. While this may all sound a little superficial, it makes sense to some degree if you consider happiness to be a momentary state. What can we glean from this study? If you want to pursue happiness in your life or stay positive, realize that there is always the possibility that some happy event is waiting around the corner for you. And if you dont feel like waitingâ€"go out and make something happy happen. As the quote from Abraham Lincoln goes, The best way to predict your future is to create it. Surround Yourself With Happy People A 2008 study reported on data from the Framingham Heart Study conducted in Framingham, Massachusetts followed 4,739 people from 1983 to 2003 to answer one interesting question: does our happiness depend on the happiness levels of the people around us? Startlingly, the results of the study showed that to be precisely the case. People who are surrounded by happy people are more likely to become happy in the future. Whats more, the analysis revealed that this effect was the result of happiness spreading, not just an artifact of happy people tending to hang out with one another. According to this study, if you have a friend who lives within a mile of you and that friend becomes happy, the odds of you also becoming happy increase by about 25 percent. The same was true for spouses (up to 16 percent improvement), siblings living within a mile (up to 28 percent), and next-door neighbors (up to 70 percent). Interestingly, the happiness of coworkers was shown to have no effect on the happiness of those around them. What does all this mean? Surround yourself with happy people as much as possible, because its very likely that their happiness will spread to you. Recall Positive Memories In an Australian study of over 300 young adults, it was shown that those who recalled memories about problem-solving (a time when you successfully managed a challenge) or about identity (something that shaped you to become the person you are today) showed decreased negative emotions and increased positive emotions, respectively. These findings suggest that simply thinking back to a time in your life when you were overcoming a challenge or to a time when you went through a significant life experience that changed you for the better could be effective in boosting your mood, and therefore, your happiness. Collective Goals or Self-Transcendence A 2019 study out of South Korea using data from the Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) showed that respondents prioritizing spirituality were the most likely to be happy, followed by those who valued social relationships (friends, family, neighbors). People who placed the most weight on external achievements (money, education, work, leisure) were the least likely to be happy. These findings suggest that the path to happiness in South Korea is not about all that glitters with goldâ€"rather, going after goals related to collectivism or self-transcendence may be most important to boosting and preserving happiness. A Word From Verywell Its clear that what makes you happy may depend on where you live in the world (although these are limited studies that looked at different concepts). The British valued positive change, Americans grew happy when those around them were happy, Australians became happy when remembering positive memories, and South Koreans were happiest when engaged in collectivistic and spiritual pursuits. The common thread, however, is that happiness is ever-changing and your happiness meter can always be boosted. If you truly want to pursue happiness, surround yourself with positivity and see beyond your present circumstances to the bigger picture, both in terms of people and your place in the greater universe. The Psychology of Positive Thinking

Student Success, Persistence, And Support - 1841 Words

Student Success, Persistence, and Support When discussing the extensive body of literature surrounding student involvement, engagement, and retention, overarching themes begin to emerge. These themes find themselves interwoven throughout the diverse set of concepts that set the foundation for understanding the theories that are pertinent to this study. Understanding the concepts of student success, student persistence, and student social support allows for a deeper consideration of the relevant frameworks. Student success. There are multiple concepts and aspects of student success that play a role in understanding how student success impacts involvement and retention. Komives, Owen, Longerbeam, Mainella, and Osteen (2005) study the†¦show more content†¦Students learn how they interact in a group setting and what role they are comfortable filling. In a study surrounding student success and quantity of student involvement, Huang and Chang (2004) studied whether there was an optimal amount or combination of involvement for a student’s cognitive and emotional growth. Is there always a positive relationship with involvement and student success, or is there a point when the relationship becomes negative? Astin (1999) claim that there are upper â€Å"limits beyond which increasing involvement ceases to produce desirable result and can even become counterproductive† (p. 528). Eventually, there is a point where students begin having their development harmed by their workload and quantity of involvement. Huang and Chang (2004) assert that an increase in cocurricular involvement does not show a decrease in academic involvement. Their study shows that more involvement is indeed better, despite Astin’s research claiming the contrary. Braxton (2006) provides another understanding of student success, concludingded that there are eight areas that have a significant impact on student success during an undergraduate career. Academic attainment, the first area, involves multiple factors that play a role in signifying success: persistence through senior year, cumulative grade point average, and overall academic learning. Successful acquisition of a general education, the second area of

Testicular Cancer - 2758 Words

Testicular Cancer Testicular cancer is a ‘’Cancer that develops in the testicle. Usually only one testicle is affected, but in some cases both testicles are affected. Testicular cancers starts in the cells that develop into sperm, which are called sperm cells.’’ (Australia, 2015). It is a cancer that commonly occurs in men. Young men around the ages of 18 to 40 are most at risk of developing testicular cancer. Common symptoms of testicular cancer includes a lump in the testis, the feeling of heaviness in the scrotum and the change in the size and shape of the testicles. Across the Australian demographic, survival rates for testicular cancer have increased in the recent years during â€Å"the periods of 1982–1987 and 2006-2010, there is a†¦show more content†¦(Blecher, 2014) This is usually found in 3 to 5 boys in every 100. ‘’ Men with a history of undescended testes have about ten times the chance of testicular cancer; the risk may be lower if surgery is used to fix the problem which usually happens before one year of age.’’ (Blecher, 2014). Another risk factor, is previous testicular cancer. This affects ‘’about 1 in 25 men who have had testicular cancer in one testis develop cancer in the other testis ’’. (Blecher, 2014). Previous male infertility is also another risk factor in testicular cancer. It is shown that ‘’Men diagnosed with fertility problems, particularly those with a history of undescended testes, may have a greater chance of developing testicular cancer’’. (Blecher, 2014). This is due to ‘’pre cancers cell sometimes found in testicular biopsies from infertile men’’ (Blecher, 2014), however this does not conclude that all pre cancer cells will develop into cancer. Furthermore, family history is also considered as a risk factor. Testicular cancer can also be through family and therefore if a family member is diagnose with the cancer, there is a minor risk that someone else is also going to get it. Men who suffer from Down syndrome will also be at a higher genetic risk of testicular cancer due to genes mutation. Men, who areShow MoreRelatedA Serious Problem Of Testicular Cancer1167 Words   |  5 Pagesof N.Z. is testicular (teste) cancer. It affects young men from all backgrounds and there is little research on what risk factors there are. The encyclopaedia Britannica online defines teste cancer as a â€Å"disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells within the testis, the reproductive organ that produces sperm. 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Choledocholithiasis Free Essays

Choledocholithiasis (which called bile duct stones or gall bladder stones in the bile duct) is the presence of stones from gall bladder in the common bile duct. Stones usually form in gall bladder but they sometimes pass through the cystic duct into common bile duct. There are many symptoms of gallstone in common bile duct. We will write a custom essay sample on Choledocholithiasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example; abdominal pain (in the right upper or middle upper abdomen), fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and clay-colored stools.) Healthline, 2016) So, this condition diagnosed and treated by ERCP. ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is a procedure that enables doctor to examine the pancreatic and bile ducts by insert lighted tube which called endoscope (like the thickness of your index finger) is placed through the mouth and into stomach and first part of the small intestine (duodenum) exactly in (ampulla) and passed of cannula (which a small plastic tube) through the endoscope and into this opening with injected contrast material and X-rays are taken to study the common bile duct. (Suissa et al., 2018) (Turk, 2011) Fluoroscopy is a radiographic procedure that provides a dynamic image of the inside of the body frequently after the administration of the contrast media with the use of persistent x-ray beam that passes through the area of interest and later the attenuated beam that come out of the patient is received by a video monitor to view the body part motion in details. The fluoroscopic studies can efficiently detect variety of abnormalities of different body systems such as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester Medical Center,2018). In this assignment I will discuss about equipment used in ERCP, role of radiographer in ERCP, technical and exposure consideration of ERCP and case study. ?ERCP Equipment ERCP contain endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy consists of C-arm and monitor. Endoscopy consist of flexible tube which called endoscope with at the end it contain a tiny video camera and light. There is a canal inside components of the scope through which thin instruments are passed and can be poked out the tube’s end. These instruments include a catheter, balloon, basket, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology brush and stents. So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by used of catheter. Used of balloon is to stretch tight areas of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones used of basket, and to incise tissue and make the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening larger used of a sphincterotome. Biopsy forceps and cytology brush use to obtain microscopic exam, and use stent to bridge blockages. Other openings allow the doctor to suck out water or air inside digestive system as well as clean the camera lens. Control the movement of the tube by gently pushing and pulling on its outside end is done by the doctor while also steering the inside end with control knobs that the doctor holds in his hand. Video television screen in the procedure room is received images from the endoscope. Also, obtain an x-ray image of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (ASGA, 2016).Role of Radiographer in ERCP:Before examination: First, asked to remove any clothing or jewelry that may get in the way of the body area to be examined and wear gown. Then, check name and an identification number of the patient. Third, prepare the C-arm machine and the monitor. Fourth, positioned on the x-ray table depending on what the doctor want. Fifth, make sure everyone who stays in ERCP room wear lead apron. (ASGA, 2016). During examination: Regarding on department’s equipment, radiographer may have to stay out in the control panel or may be able to stand in the room to x-ray. stand in the room to x-ray In the latter, it is important to pay close attention so as not to miss cue to x-ray.The doctor will ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is required if screen or spot. Also, the radiographer be attention for doctor and patient condition. (ASGA, 2016).After examination:The radiographer save the image and sent it. Make sure the machine is clean. (ASGA, 2016).Technical of ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreatobiliary system by used of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging. The endoscopic portion of the examination uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and stomach and into the second portion of the duodenum. For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prevention of pulmonary aspiration and considered optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is performed with the patient in the prone position. But, patients who can not able for prone position for ERCP are often placed in the left lateral decubitus or supine positions. ( Malas, 2017) Radiation exposure consideration of ERCP: In ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by doctor who has many years experience of done ERCP and carried out a large number of ERCPs in the past year. In general, radiation exposure is higher during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP. Radiation dose to patients during ERCP depends on many factors, and the doctor unable to control some variables which are patient size, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment used. In a recent prospective study where ERCP instruments used for example, stent insertion, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a guide wire or additional wires other than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that will significantly increase fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, 2011)Patient preparation and care: Before the examination, the stomach should be empty. The patient who does the ERCP must not eat anything after midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for examination time, if the procedure is done early in the morning, no drinks must be taken, but if examination is done at noon time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or coffee can be taken four hours earlier. medications of heart and blood pressure must always be taken with a little amount of water in the early morning. The patient needs to have a companion drive them home after the procedure, since the procedure will require intravenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018) To cause relaxation and sleepiness, the patient will be given medications through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex. Some doctors prefer to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not use local anesthetic. This also applies to those patients who cannot tolerate the bitter taste of the local anesthetic or who have a history of allergy to xylocaine and the numbness sensation in the throat. The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is lying on the left side on the X-ray table, and then the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum. The instrument advances through the food passage and not the air passage. It does not interfere with the breathing and gagging is usually prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the recovery place until most of the effects from the medications have worn off. This sometimes takes one to two hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018) Case study: This case study is about 77 years old female patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The condition start 8 months ago by right upper abdominal pain and clay colored stools. The patient came to Royal Hospital and the doctor decided to take x-ray first. So, they found 3 large stones in common bile duct. Then the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2018. The doctor saw a perimapullary diverticulum and with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 large stones proximally back to back, the balloon was used to remove the stones. However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm plastic biliary stent with good bile drainage. (Royal, 2018) Conclusion: Overall, ERCP is procedure to examine different diseases regarding to biliary system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct. ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to examine the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of most important member in ERCP room. Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument inside its canal. Technique of insertion endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endoscopists, patient and who stay in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is most common done in world, so most of the people know about it. How to cite Choledocholithiasis, Papers Choledocholithiasis Free Essays Choledocholithiasis (which called bile duct stones or gall bladder stones in the bile duct) is the presence of stones from gall bladder in the common bile duct. Stones usually form in gall bladder but they sometimes pass through the cystic duct into common bile duct. There are many symptoms of gallstone in common bile duct. We will write a custom essay sample on Choledocholithiasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example; abdominal pain (in the right upper or middle upper abdomen), fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and clay-colored stools.) Healthline, 2016) So, this condition diagnosed and treated by ERCP. ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is a procedure that enables doctor to examine the pancreatic and bile ducts by insert lighted tube which called endoscope (like the thickness of your index finger) is placed through the mouth and into stomach and first part of the small intestine (duodenum) exactly in (ampulla) and passed of cannula (which a small plastic tube) through the endoscope and into this opening with injected contrast material and X-rays are taken to study the common bile duct. (SAGES, 2018) Fluoroscopy is a radiographic procedure that provides a dynamic image of the inside of the body frequently after the administration of the contrast media with the use of persistent x-ray beam that passes through the area of interest and later the attenuated beam that come out of the patient is received by a video monitor to view the body part motion in details. The fluoroscopic studies can efficiently detect variety of abnormalities of different body systems such as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester Medical Center,2018).In this assignment I will discuss about equipment used in ERCP, role of radiographer in ERCP, technical and exposure consideration of ERCP and case study. ? ERCP Equipment ERCP contain endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy consists of C-arm and monitor. Endoscopy consist of flexible tube which called endoscope with at the end it contain a tiny video camera and light. There is a canal inside components of the scope through which thin instruments are passed and can be poked out the tube’s end. These instruments include a catheter, balloon, basket, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology brush and stents. So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by used of catheter. Used of balloon is to stretch tight areas of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones used of basket, and to incise tissue and make the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening larger used of a sphincterotome. Biopsy forceps and cytology brush use to obtain microscopic exam, and use stent to bridge blockages. Other openings allow the doctor to suck out water or air inside digestive system as well as clean the camera lens. Control the movement of the tube by gently pushing and pulling on its outside end is done by the doctor while also steering the inside end with control knobs that the doctor holds in his hand. Video television screen in the procedure room is received images from the endoscope. Also, obtain an x-ray image of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (University et al., 2018)Role of Radiographer in ERCP:Before examination:First, asked to remove any clothing or jewelry that may get in the way of the body area to be examined and wear gown. Then, check name and an identification number of the patient. Third, prepare the C-arm machine and the monitor. Fourth, positioned on the x-ray table depending on what the doctor want. Fifth, make sure everyone who stays in ERCP room wear lead apron.During examination:Regarding on department’s equipment, radiographer may have to stay out in the control panel or may be able to stand in the room to x-ray. stand in the room to x-ray In the latter, it is important to pay close attention so as not to miss cue to x-ray. The doctor will ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is required if screen or spot. Also, the radiographer be attention for doctor and patient condition.After examination:The radiographer save the image and sent it. Make sure the machine is clean. Technical of ERCP:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreatobiliary system by used of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging. The endoscopic portion of the examination uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and stomach and into the second portion of the duodenum. For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prevention of pulmonary aspiration and considered optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is performed with the patient in the prone position. But, patients who can not able for prone position for ERCP are often placed in the left lateral decubitus or supine positions. ( Malas, 2017) Radiation exposure consideration of ERCP:In ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by doctor who has many years experience of done ERCP and carried out a large number of ERCPs in the past year. In general, radiation exposure is higher during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP. Radiation dose to patients during ERCP depends on many factors, and the doctor unable to control some variables which are patient size, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment used. In a recent prospective study where ERCP instruments used for example, stent insertion, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a guide wire or additional wires other than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that will significantly increase fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, 2011) Patient preparation and care:Before the examination, the stomach should be empty. The patient who does the ERCP must not eat anything after midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for examination time, if the procedure is done early in the morning, no drinks must be taken, but if examination is done at noon time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or coffee can be taken four hours earlier. medications of heart and blood pressure must always be taken with a little amount of water in the early morning. The patient needs to have a companion drive them home after the procedure, since the procedure will require intravenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018)To cause relaxation and sleepiness, the patient will be given medications through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex. Some doctors prefer to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not use local anesthetic. This also applies to those patients who cannot tolerate the bitter taste of the local anesthetic or who have a history of allergy to xylocaine and the numbness sensation in the throat. The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is lying on the left side on the X-ray table, and then the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum. The instrument advances through the food passage and not the air passage. It does not interfere with the breathing and gagging is usually prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the recovery place until most of the effects from the medications have worn off. This sometimes takes one to two hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018)Case study:This case study is about 77 years old female patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The condition start 8 months ago by right upper abdominal pain and clay colored stools. The patient came to Royal Hospital and the doctor decided to take x-ray first. So, they found 3 large stones in common bile duct. Then the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2018. The doctor saw a perimapullary diverticulum and with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 large stones proximally back to back, the balloon was used to remove the stones. However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm plastic biliary stent with good bile drainage. (Royal, 2018)Conclusion:Overall, ERCP is procedure to examine different diseases regarding to biliary system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct. ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to examine the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of most important member in ERCP room. Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument inside its canal. Technique of insertion endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endoscopists, patient and who stay in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is most common done in world, so most of the people know about it. How to cite Choledocholithiasis, Papers Choledocholithiasis Free Essays Choledocholithiasis is one common disease in common bile duct. It defined as stones found it in biliary tree by usually formed in gall bladder. The bile drainage from gall bladder through the bile duct to the intestine. We will write a custom essay sample on Choledocholithiasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The location of gall bladder is under the liver and the shape of it is like a pear. The place of these stones either stay in gall bladder or go to common bile duct. The patient who has this disease, may feel one or some of these symptom like; abdominal pain which exactly felt in middle or right upper abdomen, fever or jaundice (mean yellowish color in eye and skin). Also, loss appetite, nausea, vomiting or clay colored stools. ) Healthline, 2016) So, this condition diagnosed and treated by ERCP. ERCP stands for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatrography. The definition of ERCP is a minor operation done by the doctor to examine biliary tree with insert lighted tube which called endoscope, so it is placed in second part of duodenum exactly in ampulla through the mouth into esophagus and stomach. The size of endoscope is similar to index finger size. At the site of endoscope in ampulla, the cannula passes through the endoscope and into this hollow with injected contrast media and the fluoroscopy taken by the radiographer to study the common bile duct. (Suissa et al., 2018) (Turk, 2011) Fluoroscopy is a radiographic procedure that provides a dynamic image of the inside of the body frequently after the administration of the contrast media with the use of persistent x-ray beam that passes through the area of interest and later the attenuated beam that come out of the patient is received by a video monitor to view the body part motion in details. The fluoroscopic studies can efficiently detect variety of abnormalities of different body systems such as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester Medical Center,2018). In this assignment I will discuss about equipment used in ERCP, role of radiographer in ERCP, technical and exposure consideration of ERCP and case study. ? ERCP Equipment ERCP contain endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy consists of C-arm and monitor. Endoscopy consist of flexible tube which called endoscope with at the end it contain a tiny video camera and light. There is a canal inside components of the scope through which thin instruments are passed and can be poked out the tube’s end. These instruments include a catheter, balloon, basket, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology brush and stents. So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by used of catheter. Used of balloon is to stretch tight areas of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones used of basket, and to incise tissue and make the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening larger used of a sphincterotome. Biopsy forceps and cytology brush use to obtain microscopic exam, and use stent to bridge blockages. Other openings allow the doctor to suck out water or air inside digestive system as well as clean the camera lens. Control the movement of the tube by gently pushing and pulling on its outside end is done by the doctor while also steering the inside end with control knobs that the doctor holds in his hand. Video television screen in the procedure room is received images from the endoscope. Also, obtain an x-ray image of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (ASGA, 2016).Role of Radiographer in ERCP:Before examination: First, asked to remove any clothing or jewelry that may get in the way of the body area to be examined and wear gown. Then, check name and an identification number of the patient. Third, prepare the C-arm machine and the monitor. Fourth, positioned on the x-ray table depending on what the doctor want. Fifth, make sure everyone who stays in ERCP room wear lead apron. (ASGA, 2016).During examination: Regarding on department’s equipment, radiographer may have to stay out in the control panel or may be able to stand in the room to x-ray. stand in the room to x-ray In the latter, it is important to pay close attention so as not to miss cue to x-ray. The doctor will ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is required if screen or spot. Also, the radiographer be attention for doctor and patient condition. (ASGA, 2016).After examination:The radiographer save the image and sent it. Make sure the machine is clean. (ASGA, 2016). Technical of ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreatobiliary system by used of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging. The endoscopic portion of the examination uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and stomach and into the second portion of the duodenum. For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prevention of pulmonary aspiration and considered optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is performed with the patient in the prone position. But, patients who can not able for prone position for ERCP are often placed in the left lateral decubitus or supine positions. ( Malas, 2017) Radiation exposure consideration of ERCP: In ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by doctor who has many years experience of done ERCP and carried out a large number of ERCPs in the past year. In general, radiation exposure is higher during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP. Radiation dose to patients during ERCP depends on many factors, and the doctor unable to control some variables which are patient size, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment used. In a recent prospective study where ERCP instruments used for example, stent insertion, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a guide wire or additional wires other than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that will significantly increase fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, 2011) Patient preparation and care: Before the examination, the stomach should be empty. The patient who does the ERCP must not eat anything after midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for examination time, if the procedure is done early in the morning, no drinks must be taken, but if examination is done at noon time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or coffee can be taken four hours earlier. medications of heart and blood pressure must always be taken with a little amount of water in the early morning. The patient needs to have a companion drive them home after the procedure, since the procedure will require intravenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018) To cause relaxation and sleepiness, the patient will be given medications through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex. Some doctors prefer to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not use local anesthetic. This also applies to those patients who cannot tolerate the bitter taste of the local anesthetic or who have a history of allergy to xylocaine and the numbness sensation in the throat. The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is lying on the left side on the X-ray table, and then the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum. The instrument advances through the food passage and not the air passage. It does not interfere with the breathing and gagging is usually prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the recovery place until most of the effects from the medications have worn off. This sometimes takes one to two hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018)Case study: This case study is about 77 years old female patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The condition start 8 months ago by right upper abdominal pain and clay colored stools. The patient came to Royal Hospital and the doctor decided to take x-ray first. So, they found 3 large stones in common bile duct. Then the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2018. The doctor saw a perimapullary diverticulum and with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 large stones proximally back to back, the balloon was used to remove the stones. However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm plastic biliary stent with good bile drainage. (Royal, 2018) Conclusion: Overall, ERCP is procedure to examine different diseases regarding to biliary system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct. ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to examine the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of most important member in ERCP room. Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument inside its canal. Technique of insertion endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endoscopists, patient and who stay in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is most common done in world, so most of the people know about it. How to cite Choledocholithiasis, Papers

Research Methods in Anthropology Qualitative and Quantitative Approac

Question: 1. Produce a critical appraisal of relevant literature synthesised into an appropriate conceptual framework? 2. Demonstrate a firm grasp of differences between research philosophies and the justification of that selected and a critically informed research design with the appropriate combination of methods; sample sizes and selection criteria? 3. Demonstrate effective independent study skills in relation to academic writing, presentations and participation in lectures, seminars and tutorials? Answer: Literature Review Drucker (2000) suggests that organisations are like music, not constituted of individual sounds but by how they are synthesized.. The success of the organisation depends partially on how organisations measure employee performance. The performance appraisal is the reflection of actual employee performance in the job they do (Bacal, 2012). Niklos (2005) suggests that the performance appraisal is the outcome of the behaviour of the people. He said that behaviour is individual activity where outcomes of behaviour are the way in which the behaving individual environment is somehow different as a result of his or her behaviour. It is the systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his or her Performance on the job and his or her potential for development Performance appraisal is an important aspect of human resource management (Camardella, 2003). It is one of the tools are used to evaluate the performance of employees. The goal of performance appraisal is to maintain good performance among employees by motivating them and by implementing appropriate rules, regulations, and reward systems. Outcomes of Effective Performance Appraisal The common outcomes from an effective performance appraisal are that the employees learn about themselves, they also learn how they are doing the work and at the same time they know about the values of the management. According to Stephan and Dorfman (1989) the outcomes of the effective appraisal of the performance leads to the improvements in accuracy of the work that the employees perform, and to establish a relationship between the reward and the performance on the job that the employees do. As it was said by Dobbins, Cardy and Platz Vieno (1990), there were five outcomes that are the affect of good performance appraisal, they are improve in the performance of the work; increase in the employee turnover; there is increase in the motivation of the employees, and they view that there is a link between performance and reward (Driver and Temple, 2012). There were others like Nurse (2005) who viewed that the performance appraisal is linked with giving and receiving of information and w ith the training and development. There are factors like reduction in the stress of the employees and link between the goal of the organization and the current performance of the employees are related with performance appraisal (Egginton, 2010). Detriments to Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal There are certain aspects that harm the effectiveness of the performance appraisal. Apart from the highly goal oriented employees, some employees may be underperformers in the organizations, thus performance appraisals may punish oir threaten to punish the low performers and there are doubts in the minds of some about the after affects of the appraisal (Falcone, 2012). Thus there may be a negative impact on the performance of some. There are cases when employees have disrupted performance due to the policies of the organizations. The use of performance appraisal may discourage performance of employees in teams as well as in collaboration (Fox, et al 2005). There are either poor or good performances in the organizations due to the performance appraisal. It is not seen that the there are average performance. The organization see performance as good or bad. The main aim of performance appraisal is to achieve the short term goals of the organizations , yet simultaneously it may create anguish among some employees . The use of inappropriate methods and/or irrelevant measurement of appraisal, reluctance of the employers to offer feedback are some of the de-motivator factors for employees (Miller and Cardy, 2000). What should be measured in performance appraisal? Skill required Performance is based on certain aspects like skills that are required to do the job, the rewards associated with the performance of the job, motivation that the employees get from the employers and the satisfaction the employees derives from the work. Thus the company needs to first determine the aspect that needs to be measured so that the performance of the employees is improved (Geddes and Gill, 2012). Curtain (1993) said that leadership of employees is necessary for the job. It needs to be seen that good leadership is necessary in improving performance of employees. Leaders need to communicate the necessary things to employees so that they are able to deliver the best to the organization. Motivation The employees need to be motivated so that they are able to deliver the performance that can help them to make an impression to the organization (Gordon and Miller, 2012). As Herzberg () suggests there are certain motivational factors which enhances the performance of the employees and there are hygiene factors that lead to the no motivation for the employees. Satisfaction It needs to be seen that employees derive satisfaction from the job that they perform. If the performances of the employees are well and they are well appraised by the company then the employees are satisfied from the job employee satisfaction rests on more than this. Thus the employees in turn try to perform well so that they are able to derive satisfaction from their jobs (Granfield and Stapczynski, 2014). Thus it can be seen that the employees are indirectly adding to the performance appraisal when they try to derive satisfaction from their jobs. Rewards Employees need to be rewarded appropriately so that they can give their best in work. It acts as a motivator for employees to increase the performance of employees (Park, 2012). Rewards can be monetary benefits like incentives or gifts like packages or vouchers. These are given to enhance performance. The main work of the organization is to see that the employees give their best to the organization so that the organization is able to meet the mission and the vision of the company (Grote, 2002). It was viewed by the public sector (1997) that the organization will have a strong performance culture in the organization. The culture will surround around the individual performance as well as contribution of the employees and the members of the team (Ibrahim Holi Ali, 2012). This will in turn lead to the better service of the teams, best practice in the organizations as well as achievement of the goals of the organizations. There certain elements that needs to be identified like the leadership in the organization, leadership of the individual people as well as in teams, the change in the management and the performance accountability; these forms the basis of the appraisal of the individuals in the organization (Ismail and Mohd Raduan, 2013). Source: created by the researcher. Research methodology Introduction The methodology of research is the way the research is to be conducted by concentrating on the problem that was identified in the first chapter of the report (Bernard, 2011). The appropriate method should be selected keeping in mind the aims as well as the objectives of the organization so that the conclusion can be reached so that it matches the objectives (Jha, 2008). The researcher needs to needs to address the validity of the research so that it is easier for the readers to interpret the results by linking it with the objectives of the research. It needs to be noted that all the components of the methodology of the research are necessary to conduct the research in a right manner so that the factors can be addressed rightly so that we are able to find the perception of the employees against the performance measurement of the organization that is in this case Kholousy Branch-Banque Du-Caire-Egypt (6 and Bellamy, 2012). Method outline According to Ellis and Levy (2009), research method outline is the frame of the methodology of the research so that a systematic structure of the path can be followed so as to drive the research in the right direction (Ketchen and Bergh, 2004). The research was taken for the performance appraisal and the perception of the employees against the measurement of the performance in the bank of Egypt. The performances of the employees are based on the motivation as well as the institutional belonging of the employees. Thus keeping in mind this aspect the researcher has chosen positivism philosophy, descriptive design as well as collection of primary data. In this case both qualitative as well as quantitative research was chosen and non probability sampling was followed by the researcher in selecting the respondents for the research (Khachidze, 2012). Research process It is a systematic way as well as structure by which the research is conducted by the various steps, where all the steps as well as all the components are arranged in a particular series. The research must go from the outer layer and move in and go in the desirable direction and reach the conclusion (Johnson et al. 2007). Thus it is the systematic way in which the research is to be framed and is to be carried out (Kothari, 2004). Research philosophy It is the first layer of the research process, thus it needs to be seen that all the methods of the research are dependent on the philosophy of the research (LEWIS, 2011). The researcher needs to choose the right philosophy so that he is able to assess the parameters that affect the measurement of the performance and the performance appraisal. To assess the performance measurement and the perception of the employees towards it the Kholoussy Branch-Banque Du-Caire-Egypt was chosen. There are three types of research philosophy: Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism. Positivism: Positivism belongs toepistemologywhich can be specified as philosophy of knowing. As philosophy positivism adheres to the view that only factual knowledge gained through observation, including measurement, is trustworthy (Understanding research philosophies and approaches, 2015). Interpretivism: Interpretivism is an epistemology that advocates that it is necessary for the researcher to understand differences between humans in our role as social actors. This emphasises the difference between conducting research among people rather than objects such as trucks and computers (Understanding research philosophies and approaches, 2015). Realism: Realism is another epistemological position which relates to scientific enquiry. The essence of realism is that what the senses show us as reality is the truth: that objects have an existence independent of the human mind. The theory of realism is that there is a reality quite independent of the mind. In this sense, realism is opposed to idealism, the theory that only the mind and its contents exist (Understanding research philosophies and approaches, 2015). Research approach It is the second layer of the research process. It was seen that inductive as well as deductive research is used in the researches. It was said by Brannen (2009), the inductive research uses data collection as well as observation and analysis are of the data by using the potential theories are used in the inductive research. It can be seen on the other hand that deductive research is based on the selection of the theories, testing of the hypothesis are done. More over there are data analysis as well as implementation of the theories and analysis of the data needs to be done in addition to the confirmation to the theoretical evidences. Research strategy It is the next layer of the research process. It is where the researcher interprets the results of the data analysis which are based on the purpose and the objective of the study. The research tries to throw light on the design of the research that the author undertakes which are appropriate to the study. There are three ways that are used in the research design; they are exploratory, descriptive and explanatory (Cameron, 2009). It can be seen that the exploratory deals with the background of the information of the problem statement that was under taken. It was said by Crouch and Pearce (2012) that the explanatory design helps in finding out the reasons of the problem that was under taken or has arisen. It was seen in case of the descriptive design that the design creates a relationship between the objective that the study and the findings that are obtained (Semakula-Katende, Schmikl and Pelser, 2013). In this case the researcher has taken the initiative to relate the findings of the research to the conclusion of the research (Lancaster, 2012). The researcher needs to keep the relation strong in order to maintain the dedication to all the components of the research study. Data collection process The collection of the data includes the primary and the secondary data collection. In this case the researcher has decided to go for the primary data collection to collect the information. The research is based on the perception of the employees on their job. It was seen that the employees are appraised by the employers. The job is to find how the performance is measured at the Bank (Nicosia and Mayer, 2009). It is to find the employees perception of performance measurements and to find the potential areas to improve the performance measurements. Thus for this reason it is essential to collect the primary data. It needs to be seen that the primary data are collected from the respondents directly. Thus the collection of the data and the information are more valid as well as reliable (Strohmer, 2012). Sampling methods Since the research is based on the primary data collection, it is very important to estimate the sample size in which the research is to be carried out. It includes the selection of the appropriate people for the process of finding the appropriate data that is needed for the study. The relevant data needs to be collected so that the appropriate results can be found out. There are two basic sampling methods that are used, probability sampling and non probability sampling. In this research the data are collected by the process of non probability sampling and in more specific terms the convenient sampling is undertaken (Ellis and Levy, 2009). Convenient sampling is taken in order to reduce the deviation of the responses that are collected from the employees of the bank by using the primary data. Though it needs to be seen that the convenient sampling has certain disadvantages that the sample that is obtained are not the representative of the entire population that is all the branches of the bank does not follow the same appraisal policy for the employees. In this case the descriptive as well as casual research cannot be done. More over the research result are biased and unsatisfactory (Webb and Owen, 2004). Sample size For doing the research the data needs to be gathered from the employees of the bank that is from the Kholousy Branch of Banque Du-Caire-Egypt. In this case the researcher has taken a sample size of 50. It was seen that all the employees did not respond to the questions that were put forward to them. It was seen that 90% of the employees that 45 employees responded to the survey. As the number of the sample is very large since the bank has so many branches and a number of employees, thus for the convenience the researcher has taken the Kholousy Branch-Banque Du-Caire-Egypt. Thus for the collection of the data the researcher has asked the employees and the managers of the branch. Research method The research method that was adopted was taken to be qualitative as well as quantitative. The quantitative researcher was done on the respondents that were there in the bank who were surveyed through the questionnaire. The questionnaire was surveyed so as to gather the information and analyse the situation (Morgan, 2007). Whereas the qualitative research is done so that the employees are benefited and to find the potential areas to improve the performance measurements that is followed in the bank. Thus for finding the information a detailed study was undertaken at the branch of the bank. Thus the qualitative as well as quantitative analysis is done. Triangulation It is the process of using more than one approach in the investigation of the research question that was undertaken, it is done so that the results that are obtained are more accurate and increases the performance of the research. It is often called the multi method research where there mainly quantitative as well as qualitative research approaches are taken. In this case also the researcher has taken the help of the qualitative as well as quantitative research so that the researcher is able to find the appropriate result (Oppermann, 2000). Quantitative research It is done to measure the data and to quantify the data and to generalize the result from the sample of the survey here in this case the employees of the Kholousy Branch of Banque Du-Caire-Egypt. In the quantitative research the incidence are measured and from the opinions the opinions as well as responses that they made. It needs to be seen that the quantitative research is followed by the qualitative research to further investigate the problem areas and to suggest possible solutions to the problem. Qualitative research It is the process where the researcher is able to find the response of the employees of from the behavior of the employees as well as from the perceptions of the employees which the researcher finds out from the observation made by the researcher and asking them certain things which convey the necessary requirements needed for the study. Scaling Scaling is the process by which the researcher is able to assign numbers or ranks or in many cases impart some characteristics of numbers to the properties of the question. For the accuracy of the study it is very essential for the researcher to set a scale against which the responses are measured. There are various scales that are used for the research. In this research the researcher used the likert scale for the research. In the likert scale the researcher provides a set of parameters where the respondent can indicate their preference on the degree of agreement or disagreement against the set of questions (Welman et al., 2005). Ethical consideration There are certain ethical considerations that are to be taken into consideration while conducting the survey. The survey should be in a systematic manner so that it verifies the dependability of the research that is to be undertaken. It needs to be seen that the data that are collected are genuine and it adds value to the research. The questionnaire was prepared in such a manner so that the personal interests of the people or the employees were not harmed. More over it was seen that the respondents were able to respond to the survey by not asking them anything that will debar them from the main or the actual responses to the questions that were asked to them (Scruggs and Mastropieri, 2006). Critical evaluation of the research process It can be seen that the research that the researcher has undertaken will be help in the process of the research and the study that the researcher needs to do to find the accurate results . The choice of the research technique is undertaken in order to get as much accurate result as possible from the responses from the employees of the bank. The quantitative res (Hawkins, 2006)earch will help the researcher to find the degree to which the employees are satisfied with the performance appraisal that the bank follows and are they looked after properly by the bank. With the help of the qualitative research it was found that whether they will like to have a change in the measurement of the performance of the employees from various observations, studying the characteristic of the employees. For the research process it was seen that the researcher has used a likert scale, it was because the researcher will be able to know to how much extent or degree the respondents or the employees agree or disagree to a certain criteria which are measured on a 5-point scale starting from the most disagreed to the most agreed. There are certain disadvantages to this study as detailed information was not possible from the employees and more over all the employees were not responsive thus this will not be able to provide a clear scenario (Cowley and Grocott, 2007). Limitation of the study There are certain limitations that the researcher found while conducting the survey and the interviewing the employees they are as follows: The whole research is based on the primary data which by itself is a limitation, since the secondary data are the historical data that needs to be pursued in order to be pointed in order to adapt to the changes of the organization. The primary data may vary from individual to individual, for this reason a generalized result could not be got. The perception of the employees about how the performance is to be appraised is also a limitation as the employees and it hinders the process as the employees interrupts to the fact that that they are unwilling to respond to the survey. It was seen that some of the employees were true to the respond while there were many who responded in a casual manner. Some of the information was faked and the truth was hided, thus leading to some of the results not being up to the mark. There was limitation in the time to prepare a proper research design and the collection of the data as the needs to be collected quickly as it was not possible to interview the employees continuously for several days. Moreover it needs to be seen that all the individuals are not same and they have different characteristics, thus all the answers were not appropriate for the study. 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