Types Of Operations Process In Tesco

Types Of trading operations Process In TescoThe food and drink retail sector represents the devolveedst industry in the UK, providing employment for over three million people in primary produceion, manufacturing and retailing. In 2003 retail accounted for 9% of gross domestic product (Datamonitor, 2003). In recent years UK super securities industrys tolerate come to a lower place increased scrutiny over their treatment of suppliers, particularly of own-label products, yet the development of strategic supply ne gameboardinalrks has been an integral part of most super market place strategies for the noncurrent decade.The report below issues an insight into the supermarket attach to, Tesco, with emphasis on its external environment analysis and companys analysis of resources, competence and culture. Two future strategic options ar suggested in regards to the resources based strategies.Inbound logistics argon placed at the starting line dot of the value chain as they poss ess the earliest opportunity to build value. Therefore, the elements of this stage are considered to be upstream activities. The logistical tasks, in this case, include the receipt of goods from suppliers, storage of goods, handling transportation of goods intern eachy and placing the products on the shelves. Tesco tries to maintain the level of consumer select in store (+), whilst improving the efficiency of its distribution system (+). In applying a quality control procedure concerning damaged goods and products, it provides an excellent opportunity to conquer costs unfairly incurred by the company, therefore preventing these costs being passed on to the consumer (P+).OperationsThe production element of Tesco activities are profit orientated. Hence, operations could be the countenance upstream opportunities that en able operate and products to be provided, tasks such as opening every sidereal solar day in accordance with trading hours, maintaining the shelves, and the sto ck (+). In bon ton to obtain future competitive advantage Tesco has to consider expanding further in terms of operating hours in those places, where it does not occur or opening reinvigorated Metro and Express stores (P+). However, this might be restricted by law or planning councils, which is essentially takes away competitive advantage (-).Outbound logisticsThe triplet stage of the value chain is the outbound logistics that is implicated with put uping the product to the node. Tesco currently adds value in its home delivery service (+). However, some other tangibles that have to be improved are those of parking facilities, trolley collectors, till cater and systems to gain competitive advantage, if executed more in force(p)ly than competitors, they will add value by saving the customer time (+), whilst increasing the turnwell-nigh (+). Adding value could be achieved through the implementation of a trolley deposit system, keeping them tidy and alter customers to get to an d from the premises quicker, as well as making these facilities readily available and quicker to obtain.Support ActivitiesCompany InfrastructurePlanning and control functions are the wholenesss that account to provide the continued focus on the costs and cash control of the companys operations (+). And departments such as profit protection whose main jobs are to conquer shrink. The company has now increased its staff count who are involved in upgrading its anti-fraud software (infrastructure/technology, interdependence), and installing new security systems which aim to reduce internal theft, an expense the customer will now not have to cover in the price of their purchases (Human resource managementHRM is regarded as up and downstream activity, covering everything from recruitment to management development. The company aims to increase the number of training schemes and further develop its recruitment programmes so to pass on to the customer the benefits of a well recruited, well trained staff, not the costs. Tesco continues to invest in customer service (+), where training is also linked directly to pay, so the staff are motivated to learn, and are encouraged to improve their approach to customers and service provision quality.Technology developmentIt is a downstream activity and is the ability to provide new innovative product ranges/ solutions that anticipate customer needs. It also remains a unwrap competitive advantage, adding value, as Tescos brand name gives the product vigour (+). However, installation and capital enthronisation is a long term process and needs total commitment of the staff. that who will be responsible for the service provision and the floor personnel? (-).UK OperationsIn the UK, Tesco operates six different store formats, each distinguished by size and the range of products sold.Tesco Superstores Tesco superstores are the companys pattern store format. These large supermarkets stock and sell all groceries along with a large range of non-food products. They also offer an in-store pharmacy.Tesco Extra Tesco Extra stores are the retailers large out-of-town hypermarkets (second in size behind superstores) which stock nearly all of Tescos product ranges.Tesco Metro Metro stores are medium-sized stores (sized amongst Tesco superstores and Tesco Express stores) that offer a range of food lines.Tesco Express Express stores are convenience shops that are mainly located on Esso petrol station forecourts. Most of their stock consists of food, with an emphasis on higher(prenominal)er-margin products alongside everyday essentials.Tesco Homeplus Homeplus stores offer all of Tescos ranges, except food, in warehouse-style units based in retail parks. These large units feature an Order and Collect desk where customers gutter purchase and collect most items without delay. single Stop One Stop stores are the very smallest Tesco stores. These stores work on a different pricing to all the other store formats and ar e also distinguished by their later opening hours.Global OperationsTesco boasts a global store portfolio of over 1,800 stores. anyways the UK, the company operates stores in France, chinaware, the United States, Poland, Republic of Ireland, Japan, Malaysia, Czech Republic, South Korea, Slovakia, Thailand and Turkey .Online OperationTesco meshs the worlds largest grocery home-shopping service, Tesco.com. The site was formally launched in 2000 six years after(prenominal) Tesco original began operating on the internet.Consumer goods, telecommunications and financial services are also provided via the internet.Tesco Direct, the supermarkets catalogue/internet service, was added to the retailers portfolio in 2007. Customers croup browse the Tesco Direct catalogue or go online to purchase non-food goods ranging from home electricals, toys and furniture to sports equipment, jewellery and even bathroom suites.Tesco Personal FinanceTesco Personal Finance is the verifying arm of the Tesco plc. The business was previously run as a joint venture with the Royal coin bank of Scotland, but in July 2008 Tesco paid 950 million to acquire the banks 50% share in the company. monetary products on offer include loans, assent cards, savings accounts, mortgages, and several types of insurance, including car, home, life, dental and travel cover.Tesco ClubcardTesco is one of only devil UK supermarkets to offer its customers a loyalty card-scheme (the other being Sainsburys). Introduced in 1995, Tescos Clubcard branded loyalty scheme is now the number one loyalty card in the UK, with around 13 million active voice Clubcard holders.Every 1 spent in a Tesco store, online at Tesco.com or through Tesco Petrol, earns customers one Clubcard point. Shoppers can also collect points by paying with a Tesco Credit Card, or by using Tesco Mobile, Tesco Broadband, selected Tesco Personal Finance products or through Clubcard partners, Avis and E.ON.Each point is worth 1p in-store when re deemed, or 4p when used with Clubcard deals on holidays, day trips, etc. Points can also be used to rack up Airmiles, or converted into coupons.B Capacity planning, Inventory management, Supplychain design, exertion measures and total quality managementTesco Capacity Planning Example The ScenarioTesco operated a major distribution centre with 26 truck loading decks handling 20 vehicles arriving every hour. Deliveries for individual supermarkets needed to be selected, marshalled and loaded within 60 minutes. The existing loading system was totally manual, using pickers and fork-lift trucks.Due to increasing dexterity needs, Tesco engaged with a material handling company to design the expanded facility. This company proposed a novel loading system using machinelikeally manoeuvre vehicles (AGVs) to deliver prepared cages of goods. This system would have to be integrated with the existing manual facility, accessing the same warehouse and loading decks.The ChallengeTescos Project Di rector did not have confidence that the simple spreadsheet calculation of the planned additional capacity could accurately represent the likely outcome as it could not show high-voltage interactions within a system comprising hundreds of movements per hour between the warehouse and the loading dock. The following questions aroseWhat would be the key issues involved in operating the two systems side-by-side?If the two systems could be successfully integrated, how could the optimum operating protocol be devised?How many AGVs would be needed (between 15 and 20 were proposed)?Where might AGVs and fork lifts interfere, causing delays and how could this be minimised?How can collisions be avoided (Health and Safety issue)?Where might loading bottlenecks occur, reducing anticipated performance?Would the target 60 minute turnaround be reliably met under different operating conditions?Tesco needed an independent assessment of the impact of the proposed changes and of whether efficiency and l oading time targets would be met. The materials handling supplier recommended matinee idol Simulation.The firmnessTesco equip Paragon to produce a sample. Paragon worked with Tescos and the suppliers input, to accurately model the proposed facility. Paragon was asked not only to construct and run the model, but also to report results and to take a recommendation. The resulting model was a plan muckle animation of the facility with the AGV system in place. AGV movement, acceleration/deceleration, delay time caused by interference between the old (fork lift) and new loading systems and location of problems (to aid further analysis) were all represented. As the model ran, statistics were recorded on key performance parameters.Different manners of course the systems side-by-side could be set up, run (with varying load levels) and results compared quickly and easily using the Paragon InformationManager.The BenefitsThe outcome of the project was a confirmation from Paragon to Tesc o that the proposed solution could work and deliver the required results.In very short project timescales (just 15 days from start to finish), Paragon were able to give Tesco the office they needed and key input on how best to integrate systems and operate the new facility.There was also an immediate cost saving because the simulation model showed that two fewer AGVs were needed than indicated by the original spreadsheet calculations atotal saving of 160,000.Tescos mistakes in US Not understanding the American CustomerIn early 2006, Tesco plc decided to enter the US market with convenience stores (Fresh Easy Neighborhood Markets) to be launched by 2007. Tesco had been studying the American market for two decades and its entry was long time coming. Though the company is not faring that well (currently loss making and is not predicted to break even until the financial year 2012), it hopes to turnaround sort of than later.The following are some of Tescos mistakes in the US market The American way of shopping Car culture and weekly shopping expeditionsTesco opened stores in California, Nevada and Arizona offering about 4000 fresh products. But US customers do not shop daily, particularly in California where families shopped weekly in cars. Tesco on the other hand wants to cater to shoppers who have less(prenominal) time and want fresh and healthy food.Competition not only from US super ironsTesco was also facing tough competition from Japanese owned supermarket chain FamilyMart which had started two premium convenience stores under the banner Famima in California and had pornographic expansion plans. The Japanese store offered a new community lifestyle experience along with services like banking, stationary department and also Japanese delicacies like sushi, noodles etc. Its imported groceries also cost less than Tesco.No Discount CouponsThe American customer wants to try something before making a nett decision on buying. Even discounts or taste samples h elp in finalizing a deal. But Tesco removed discount coupons.No Promotional FliersThere is less loyalty in the US market with the American consumer gaucherieing loyalties based on weekly/daily special promotional offers. Tesco assumed that like British consumers who would not switch loyalties easily, the Americans would follow suit. A focus group found that Tesco was not sending fliers promoting the latest special offers.Good Effort but No LearningWhen Tesco entered US, it did not go unprepared into the American market. It sent around 50 to 60 British executives to live with California families to discover the products they bought and the food they ate. But with Tescos dropping profits it seemed they did not learn much into the American way of buying.Tesco did not partner with a US retailer when entering the US market and also intended to use its own proprietary distribution system.B Tesco Inventory Management Tesco plc (LSE TSCO), one of worlds leading retailers, has selected Micr o Focus to support the emersion of its international operations, notably in the United States, by improving its supply chain operations. Tescos current supply chain management system monitors and controls its entire in-store inventory. The company has enlisted the assistance of Micro Focus to modernize and extend this system, so it can be rolled out in Tescos data center in California, when it launches its jump U.S. store later this year.Micro Focus has been selected to extend Tescos supply chain application, as well as future proofing it against any changes that it may face as its operations continue to expand globally. Not only will the modernized application be ready for the imminent U.S. launch, but it will also be seamlessly deployed in each of Tescos current data centers across the globe. The move will also yield considerable savings for Tesco, as it will be able to use its existing servers and will be able to avoid investing in additional support for their international ope rations.Tesco Suppy stove Design Performance Measures of Tesco Tesco can influence society at large owing to its size and scale of operations and it does so by encouraging its employees and customers to become more socially responsible. Tesco is of the view that it has a major role to play in promoting health food among its customers and strives to make health food available at affordable prices. The company has choose several initiatives over the years to fulfill its responsibility to society. These include charity, fund raising for a cause and promoting education. These efforts are not limited to the UK but extend to other countries in which Tesco operates.Total Quality Management Makes a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the outcome delivers a fundamental customer benefit. In order to identify core competences in a particular market, the question of why is the customer willing to pay more or less for one product or service than another- needs to be addressed. For example, Tesco have been very successful in capturing the leadership of the retailing market. This shows that Tesco designs and implements effective supply systems and deliver an efficient customer interface. Tesco was the first UK grocer to launch a loyalty card and has been the most effective. Palmer (2004) claims that until recently, it was the only grocer to use the information to mail customers every month.Strategy frameworks and structuring tools are key to assessing the business situation. Risk and value trade-offs are made explicit, leading to concrete proposals to add value and reduce risk. Explicit plans for action, including effective planning need to be developed by Tesco as the strategic alternative.From the generic strategies discussed above, Tesco is likely to employ two strategic options that are also likely to be primary market objectives of focus on market development though partnerships and diversification through new product developmentBy entering new markets like China and Japan it can serve as a key growth driver of the companys revenues and expansion strategy. Tescos interests in Japan are likely to continue festering in due course, as Asian markets are showing an increase in consumer spending and increased trend towards retailing. These new markets are also demographically high opportunity markets.In the case of Tesco, one of the suggested strategic options is in international alliances with the local retailers in Asian markets. It will be considered as a method of development and may be formed to exploit current resources and competence. By entering into joint ventures or partnerships, in order to gain a bigger economy of scale and larger market presence, Tesco will draw on the extensive local knowledge and operating expertise of the partner whilst adding its own supply chain, product development and stores operations skills to deliver a better shopping experience to customers. However, given the huge scale, potential and complexities of these markets, Tesco may feel that being the first mover is not necessarily an advantage. The success of the partnership will be related to three main success criteria sustainability, acceptability and feasibility. Sustainability will be concerned with whether a strategy addresses the circumstances in which the company is operating. It is about the rationale of this expansion-market development strategy. The acceptability relates to the expected return from the strategy, the level of risk and the likely reply of stakeholders. Feasibility will be regarded to whether Tesco has the resources and competence to deliver the strategy.b Product Development DiversificationJohnson and Scholes (2003) believe that changes in the business environment may create demand for new products and services at the expense of established provision. Ansoffs matrix also suggests that if new products are developed for existing markets, then a product development strategy has to be consid ered by the management level of a company. In expanding and diversifying Tescos product mix, it is also crucial to implement internal development when new products are developed. The nature and the extent of diversification should also be considered in relation to the rationale of the corporate strategy and the diversity of the portfolio. By following the ever-changing needs of the customers Tesco can introduce new product lines. This may require more attention to RD, leading to additional spending.BARCLAYS BANK A A Types of Operations Process in Barclays IntroductionBarclays is a global bank. It provides a range of financial services in 56 countries. Barclays provides retail banking services to customers, whether they are individuals or businesses. It offers a broad range of financial products and services including current accounts, savings accounts and general insurance. Within the UK, Barclays communications are designed to help customers Take One Small Step to managing their money better every day.Different kinds of customers represent distinct markets for Barclays. The market for personal banking services is very competitive. Personal customers have a choice of banks on the high street or on the web to assist them in managing their finances. For example, they can have their salaries paid into accounts, pay bills through the bank or save money to gain interest on their savings. There is also a competitive market for business banking services. bloodes require different services such as credit management, payments for suppliers or loans and overdrafts to help them to survive and grow. For example, an expanding business may need a mortgage to buy a new building.Barclays Bank history is as old as the history of the Great British banking industry as a whole. Founded back in the cobbled streeted and oil lamp lit capital of the United Kingdom of the seventeenth century, Barclays has grown and progressed to be a member of the global banking fraternity with oper ations spreading across all of Europe as well as North and South America, the Middle and the Far East.The Bank was reputed to have begun its earliest trades way back in 1690, when the two founding partners John Freame and Thomas Gould first opened their doors in London. Their first premises were in Lombard Street, where they traded successfully for more than thirty years. One of the most significant events in the banks history took place in 1736, when Freame and Gould, obviously feeling that their days as bankers might be drawing to a close, invited Freames son-in-law, John Barclay to become a partner in the bank.The onset of sphere War One saw Barclays strongly represented as far north as the Midlands of England. In the year that the war ended, Barclays Bank announced its amalgamation with the London, Provincial and South Western Bank, firmly staking it place to be one of the UKs leading banking groups. By the middle of the nineteen twenties in England, Barclays had close to two t housand branches in operation in England, and had begun some tentative operations overseas, particularly in the British Colonies.Gradual expansion and consolidation was the order of the day for Barclays for the period before, during and after World War Two. Barclays woke up from the period of austerity that followed the War, with the opening of the first banking computer centre situated in London. During the height of the swingy sixties, Barclays showed that they were no slouches by introducing the famous Barclaycard, the first credit card to grace our shores. The following year, Barclays again shook the banking world by unveiling the countrys first automatic teller machine, providing cash from a wall.Today Barclays presents a mixture of a bank of a bank with a great history and rich impost who has always reached out to the future. A mixture that finds her well prepared to weather the storm of the current financial crisis.Barclays is made up of two Clusters Global sell Banking, a nd Corporate Investment Banking and Wealth Management, each of which has a number of Business Units.The third major plain of the business is Group Centre. From Human Resources to Corporate Affairs, this area comprises all the essential Head Office support functions that help Barclays maintain strategic momentum.retail Banking Barclays UK Retail Banking is one of Britains leading retail banks share around 15 million UK customers through contact centres, online banking and 1,720 branches. UK Retail Banking builds broad and deep relationships with customers and small business owners by providing a wide range of products and financial services. by UK Retail Banking, customers have access to current account and savings products, Woolwich-branded mortgages, unsecured loan and protection products and general insurance. Barclays Financial Planning provides investment advice and products Local Business provides banking services, including money transmission, to small businesses and Premi er provides tailored, relationship-based banking services to affluent customers through dedicated account managers. Barclaycard Barclaycard is a multi-brand credit card and consumer lending business which also processes card payments for retailers and merchants, and issues credit and charge cards to corporate customers and the UK government. It is one of Europes leading credit card businesses and has an increasing presence in the United States. In the UK, Barclaycard comprises Barclaycard UK Cards, Barclaycard Partnerships (Sky Card, Thomas Cook, Argos and Solution Personal Finance), Barclays Partner Finance and Firstplus. Barclaycard also added the Goldfish business to its portfolio in 2008. Outside the UK, Barclaycard provides credit cards in the United States, Germany, South Africa (through management of the Absa credit card portfolio) and in the Nordic region, where Barclaycard operates through Entercard, a joint venture with Swedbank. Barclaycard works closely with other parts of the Barclays Group, including UK Retail Banking, Barclays Corporate, Western Europe Retail Banking and Barclays Africa, to make use of their distribution capabilities. Western Europe Retail Banking Includes retail banking and Barclaycard operations in Spain, Italy, France and Portugal. Approximately 10,000 colleagues are employed in this part of the organisation, serving two million customers. Across the region, Barclays has more than 1,100 distribution outlets. Barclays AfricaBarclays Africa encompasses Barclays Global Retail Banking, Corporate Banking, and Barclaycard operations in 10 countries organised in four geographical areas North Africa (Egypt), East and West Africa (Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya), Southern Africa (Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe), and the Indian Ocean (Mauritius and Seychelles).Barclays Africa serves its 2.8 million customers through a network of 573 branches and service centres providing a variety of traditional financial products, including retail mortgages, current and deposit accounts, commercial lending, unsecured lending, credit cards, treasury and investments. In addition, it provides specialist services such as Sharia-compliant products and mobile banking.Management of Barclays Barclays bang-up Fund Solutions (BCFS) is the investment management business of Barclays Capital, the investment banking division of Barclays Bank PLC.The emergence of new asset classes, growth in demand for derivative solutions and an investor shift towards absolute returns have identified a strong necessity for an alternative fund management approach thatOffers clients greater customisation of investment management productsUses state-of-the art financial thinking but is adaptive to changes in the investment environmentDelivers multi-asset class performance, with the flexibility to access new asset classes as they emergeConsiders the complexities of multi-jurisdictional investors and asset bases to deliver pragmatic financial solutionsThe BCFS business model and approach focus on this evolving market segment. BCFS combines its multi-jurisdictional fund expertise with world-class structuring, derivatives trading and asset allocation expertise to deliver applied investment innovation in fund management across all asset classes. The BCFS team is advised by Barclays Capitals award-winning enquiry team.Key AttributesSince launch of the first fund in January 2006, BCFS hasAttracted leading investors, establishing a significant fund business and market leadership in applied investment innovationEstablished a diverse client base from insurance companies, asset managers and corporate treasuries to family offices and private banking investorsProvided exposure to multiple asset classes including equities, commodities, interest rates, impertinent exchange, fixed income, emerging markets, hedge funds and propertyGrown assets under management to more than USD 6bn* in structured and quantitative strategies and manages more than 70 fun dsBuilt a global footprint with funds distributed throughout South America, Europe and Asia PacificIncreased its strong front- to back-office team to 70Supply Chain for Barclays Performance Measures of Barclays

Human Resource

Human ResourceHuman Resource (H.R)IntroductionThe word manage as used in seam pile scarce be defined as the art of dealing with population with the aim of bringing the best out of so so as to change the productivity of the commercial enterprise. It is non easy to manage some of the things we adjudge that boast no life let al angiotensin-converting enzyme muckle. People argon complex in themselves and to create diametric people from different backgrounds to wee unneurotic can prove to be actually difficult. It is however possible for people to come to raise upher for a common refinement. It does not matter how they are going to execute their goal precisely the common thing that they want to achieve plays a actually central role in taming people to put their differences aside and go bad unitedly.Rothwell (2008, p.23) argues that it is mandatory for a giveer in a business to be very impregnable at people-skills for it is the people be givening at the business that are the most master(prenominal) people in the business. Without employees in a business then the business does not achieve its goals. They are the people that make things move. There is therefore no escaping people-skills if a business venture is to highly perform.Management is nothing more(prenominal) than motivate early(a) people. These are the words of Lee Iacocca former CEO Chrysler. It is therefore important for a manager to have some prefatory tips on how to manage people. It is vital that a manager delegates most of the objectives set to achieve so that he or she gets time to manage the group he or she has been given to manage. It to a fault helps the manager to clear his or her mind. It is very important that the mortal who delegates has a clear head on his or her shoulders.Pearce and conger eel (2002, p.41) identify that mavin of the most important X factor is aggroup work. A gruelling squad delivers most of the things put before it. This paper allow focu s on groupwork and critically analyse it on how it can be used to alter doing. When people come together, more ideas are bound to be generated, there is strength in numbers and overly there is the variety being applied in order to achieve a common objective.Whenever cosmos come together with a common objective there is very little that they cannot do. It is important that the tem leader gets to have a one on one understanding with each of the group members so as to know the individual strengths of the group members. It is in this fashion that the responsibilities are divided. One does what they are inviolable at only if with the conscious awareness that he or she is unless but a piece of a jigsaw, that there are others that are overly specialising in their area of expertise to complete the jig saw into one complete thing that makes economic and objective sense (Michaels, 1994, p.45).The only reason a secerny would invest in its people is so as to enhance performance of the business. They are the key players in an organisation and should be handled with care. There are non-homogeneous ways in which organisations or businesses entice and figure of speech their employees so as to achieve higher quality and quantity performance. A business is judged by its outcome. It is the diverse people employed to work for the venture equipped with the spirit of groupwork that determine the performance of the business. It is kind of clear that aggroup work is then a very important factor as it is the ship in which if the business sails, it result never drown or subdue to the waves of furious business challenges.The winning teamIt is ever so feels good to be associated with winning. It makes one feel give care they are pursuing a worthy cause. If a team is to be put together in a business then it better be a winning team. It is not enough to hire professionals who know what they are supposed to do at exactly which time to have a winning team but recruiting a group of people who will work together in the most efficient of ways.A team that has people who share the identical destination work extremely well with each other. It is only when people in a team do not share a visual modality that they do not work well. A team is defined by the togetherness in achieving the specific goals and objectives of a business. When people share a vision then what do they have to fight over and not work together? Nothing. Differences whitethorn pull through between individuals but for as long as they have a common goal then they can do anything despite their differences.In order for a team to have a common goal, then it is good practice for members to meet in order to discuss the various projects that have to be go aboutn. The secret behind managing people is in a business is to make the employees or the team members feel like they coined and own the business objectives, vision and mission. Koestenbaum (2002, p.74) reveals that this will help people to have a common sense of direction. This implies that he visions, missions and objectives of a business strike to have a strong pocketbook upon which, a strong team is built.Any team has problems but it is up to the team leader to be very sensitive to any slight behavioral change that would reduce the performance of the team in the long run. The team leader as a people manager should also talk to the team members and encourage them. When one is given motivation to do something, a person is performs even better as they flourish in the though that it is not only him or her that believes he or she can do it but also the team leader.There are teams made up of simple human beings like any human being but thee is always something about the teams. They have the attitude that they were born to win. An example of one such team is Manchester United football Team. They believe that they are winners. When a person believes something, it is very difficult for them not to make it a reality. It is important that people managing people instil a winning attitude in their team members (Lawler et al., 2004, p.14). It goes a long way in edifice a strong competent team.How Teamwork affects other key performance areasThis can be illustrated by a diagram which is shown belowAccording to Vandenberg and Lance (1992, p.156), under managing self we have several issues that are worth elaborating and they are eight in number. The very first one is the creative nature and originality of the self. Teamwork improves the ability of a person to get creative and think of ways to get out of tasks presented to him or her that are challenging. This is because the person is always trying to get out of something and always jogging his or her mind to get out of something. The person also wants to be original.It is very difficult to find unethical leadership in a person who leads a team or even the team member himself or herself. A person is always out to improve and to build the winning team s o as to achieve the objectives of the business and also get to improve the performance of the team. Performance is core in teams so the self is built to consider ethics when tackling organisational challenges (Walker, 2002, p.36).It is the people around us that build us. Man is no island. People in good teams have been found to have a better way of communication and also have the calibre to go with this. For a good team to succeed, the members that comprise it have to be in continual communication with each other. A marriage is a good example of a team. Whenever there is break deck of communication in a marriage then it becomes difficult for things to move. Good marriages are ones in which there is constant effective communication going on, on the regular (West, 2004, p.6). It is through teamwork that a person becomes effective in communication and also gets to know the character he or she should acquire in order to succeed in the business world.Managing people is not only about m anaging other people but also managing the self. Team work greatly helps in doing this. In teams, it is normal for people to make contributions that they own in order to steer their objective forward. This helps to build a person I problem solving skills which is a factor important to have in the business world. Williams and Anderson , (1991, p.604) concurs that the values of the self are also amend or built. In good effective teams, good values are encouraged as undesirable ones are normally discouraged. This helps a person to always focus on having good values whose practice leads to them sticking.Effective teams have brainstorming sessions where team members contribute in order to make the achievement of their objectives a success. This helps a person to improve their thinking capacities and also helps team members to think in a way that optimises the performance of the business (Blau, 1985, p.279). It gives the individual that deliberate way of thinking that involves thinking i n a authorized direction. Team members benefit by being in such teams.For a team to succeed then the personalities of the persons in it need to be on point. It is the work personality that helps team members to be able to work through their differences with that common vision in mind. When members contract the personality they need to have in order to work together they will definitely practice this as all of them want to get to the goal so bad. In life, it really matters how badly, one wants to get something as if one does not want something so badly, they will not put differences aside, they will not work hard enough and they will not value input from team members.Under managing people, there are four key areas that need to be discussed and team work is a major component or ingredient in managing people. Arbinger Institute (2002, p.9) suggests that there is team work, the diversity of people, transformed leadership and motivating people. Team work is intertwined with the three i ssues as it is in team work that people are motivated to push on in order to improve performance.LeadershipLeadership is also transformed in team work as most of the time, it is not the team members that learn from the team leader but it is the team leader most of the time rather than not that learn from the team members (National Institute of social Work, 1996, p.11). The members teach the leaders on hoe to lead knowingly or unknowingly. This gives birth to a new way of leading especially if the leader of a tea listens to his members.Teams can be made up of a rich diversity of people which can any be used to achieve the objectives of a business or also allow the differences that exist within to ruin the team. In International Companies, recruitment as in the type of the company is mounte at an international level. This means that people will be mixed from different cultures and backgrounds and also different races as well (Block, 1996, p.33). It is quite challenging building a t eam of people of the same background. It is quite tasking to build a team that comprises of different people. People of one background have been seen to appreciate the music from another background even when they do not know what they are saying. It is in this regard that a team leader needs to direct his team members to be able to dance to the same straining which is synonymous to achieving the same objectives of the business. Such teams come to appreciate diversity. They come to understand that people are different but sure can work together in order to achieve a common goal.Brown and Wardle (1996, p.12) argues that managing work is also another factor that is intertwined with team work. In order to manage a team then the work also has to be managed the work needs to be kept track of. It is very important that work goes on smoothly in a team even when the management of the team has to be changed for this purpose. Managing work involves the judgement of closes and also the abili ty to manage the decision.A decision can be evaluated on the basis of the results of the work that is done or the work that has been achieved in order. The team can easily be evaluated on the same found on the decisions the team made. A team can be judged based on the decisions they made. The decisions they make have to improve performance in the business or organisation (Covey, 2009, p.62). Once the decision is made, then it needs to be managed. When a decision is not managed, then it beats logic to have made the decision in the first place. It is important that team members carry follow through their decisions in order to achieve the task given to undertake.A good team is one that manages the team members well. A strong human resource management is a must in strong teams. Whenever the human resource in a team is good, there are very slim chances of a team not doing its best to accomplish whatever task that is presented before them. We have seen that people are very important and it is through people that a business gets to achieve its objectives. According to Dimma (2007, p.47), a good human resource department forming part of a team will value the employee and make that employee as reasonably comfortable as possible in order for the business to achieve its objectives.A good human resource sub team will provide incentives to persons working in their business give them a reason to turn down job offers given by other businesses or companies. Good teams also ensure that they manage the information they have in a way to improve performance rather than sitting on information. It is the information we gather in business or in life that assist us in making decisions hence the word informed decision. It is important that a team acts on the basis that it has information.Innovation, Priority management and Objective setting are al components of managing work but also relate to team work (Harrison, 1972, p.28). It is in teams that innovative ideas, decisions and work emerge from. This is because of the team aspect. Teams also prioritise in terms of work so as not to leave important work pending for a long time than usual. It is important that a team sets for itself objectives aside from the objectives of the business so as to also have a common goal in terms of work.Team building and Team WorkCompanies have been seen to conk quite a lot of money so as to improve the team building skills of their employees. This goes on to show just how important team work is important in the world we live in today especially in the business world. It is essential that a manager has team building skills as it is part and parcel of managing people. It is an important part of managing people.The same people can work by themselves but achieve less productivity. A good, strong team is one in which these same people come together and work towards a goal but perform much better than when they were working on an individual basis. This is the idea behind merging. Some c ompanies merge because together, they have more yields and perform on a different level, giving their customers higher quality of wait on than when the companies were doing it on their own (Iverson and Roy, 1994, p.39). This is the secret of synergy. Individuals are different but synergised so as to achieve optimum performance. In team building, there are twain very important factors to consider.One factor that we have to appreciate in team building is the diversity that exists in terms of the personalities that exist and also the skills. The different people have to be in such a way that they fully exploit their potential to the last drop but again, the weaknesses of the same people are covered for by the other peoples strengths. Their different personalities have to be in a way that they balance out.In a good team, all ideas, works and decisions in a team made by different individuals are directed to a common purpose either created within the team or the objectives of the busine ss (Goodwin, 2005, p.91). The goals have to be clearly unders withald by the team members. When some team members get it while others dont then already there is a loophole and the team is bound to fail because of a different set of goals embedded in the different team members minds.Team buildingActivities aimed at team building are very important so as to assist in the establishment of a strong team. To have a great team takes a lot of hard work, dedication and determination. Team building activities are therefore very important in that they assist in the building of a great team. It is important that a team is led by someone but not just anyone but a good leader. It may not help that a team has clearly understood the objectives, they ma have the same personality thus resulting in conflicts mostly because of fighting (Charan, Drotter and Noel, 2001, p.29). If everyone in a team wants to be a leader then we have a problem as each team member will be acting so as to show how he or she can dominate people. This has led to in-house fighting on too many an instance. There are many factors that have to be overcome to have a good team which is reason the more for team building activities to be taken seriously.There are basic techniques that have to be in place for an effective team to be built. The most obvious one is that all the team members need to have understood and clearly have the goals and objectives behind having the team and also the goals and objectives behind having the business or organisation. There also has to be a clear chain of command in that every single team member is completely aware of their duties and responsibilities and there should be no grey area in this. All the roles have to be distinct so that in the case that there is competition over a certain role then the role needs to be split into smaller distinct roles so as to avoid conflict in the team built.A team leader also needs to be able to spend time with his or her team members so as to understand the various personalities and skills he or she has in the team and also appreciate the same. When a team leader is fair, open, honest and loyal then it becomes a little bit easier to have the same back from the employees or team members. This may be summarised to leading by example.It is in team building activities that members learn how to trust each other and also be open with each other. When this is done then they work together better. The activities should have social times deliberately to prompt people to attach and share their experiences. They get to know each other better which is good for the business as this will help them accommodate each others faults but accentuating their strengths (Brion, 1989, p.32). This is what we want to achieve by having a team working on something. An example of one such activity is scheduling the week such that a specific day of the week is set aside so that employees or team members can share lunch. It is over this that they bond. The secret to having an effective team built is also to have the practice of involving the team members in the decision making appendage so that they feel like they own the decision. When one owns something, it is very difficult for them not to take care of it and watch it grow. The goal can be set in a group. The tactics to be used to undertake in undertaking challenges presented to a team are also brainstormed by the team with them being encouraged to give possible solutions. This leads to the obligated feeling of a team member since a sense of ownership has been cultivated in him or her, which leads to the commitment of team leaders to the cause of the team. There is also need to keep the lines of communication open in a team. It is through this that a team can succeed.ConclusionIn todays world, it is not so fashionable to do things on an individual basis as performance is result driven. The world expects so much from people that the only way the same expectation can be met is t hrough team work. Most of the worlds greatest achievements have been accomplished because of team work. It is very difficult to achieve the results desired in a business single handily. It will have to be in a team. Team work is a very important aspect of business (Curry, et al., 1986, p.851). This explains why businesses always want to now if one is a team player before recruiting them into their companies. Business owners will look at a persons history to be able to establish whether they are team players or not.It is quite normal in the global expanse to find teams in businesses as people have appreciated strength in numbers. To achieve almost perfection in a business and to ascent sales or improve the quality of businesses, team work is essential. It is important to have team skills whether one will eventually be a team member or a team leader (Kelley, 1999, p.63). A team leader is a leader to the extent of the performance of his or her team. A team leader is always a member o f another team only on a different level. It is quite clear that the world revolves in team work. It is safe to say that the world is a family of teams its just that they have different objectives and different personalities and skills.ReferencesArbinger Institute, 2000, Leadership and self-deception getting out of the box, capital of the United Kingdom Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Blau, G 1985, The mensuration and prediction of career commitment, Journal ofOccupational Psychology, Vol. 58, pp.277-288.Block, P 1996, Stewardship choosing service over self interest, Sydney Berrett-KoehlerPublishers.Brion, J.M 1989, Organizational leadership of human resources the knowledge and the skills,New York Jai Press.Brown, J., Wardle, M 1996, scene favors the prepared mind leadership, teamwork andmapping change for human resources, Cambridge H.M.S.O.Charan, R., Drotter, S.J., Noel, J. L 2001, The leadership pipeline how to build theleadership-powered company, capital of the United Kingdom Joh n Wiley and Sons.Covey, S.R 2009, Principle-centered leadership, California Summit Books.Curry, J., Wakefield, D., Price, J., Mueller, C 1986, On the causal ordering of jobsatisfaction and organizational commitment, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 29, No.4, pp.847-858.Dimma, W.A 2007, Tougher Boards For Tougher Times Corporate Governance In The Post-Enron Era, Mombay Wiley-India.Goodwin, N 2005, Leadership in health care a European perspective, New York Routledge.Gratton, L., Hailey, V.H., Stiles, P 1999, strategic human resource management corporaterhetoric and human reality, Cambridge Oxford University Press.Hare, S.E., Hare, A.P 1996, SYMLOG field theory organizational consultation, valuedifferences, personality and social perception, Michigan Praeger.Harrison, R 1972, Understanding your organizations character, Harvard Business Review,pp.22-32..Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H 1988. Management of organizational behavior utilizing humanresources, 5th ed., London Prentice-Hall .Iverson, R.D., Roy, P 1994, A causal model of behavioral commitment evidence from astudy of Australian blue-collar employees, Journal of Management, Vol. 20, No.1,pp.15-41.Kelley, R.E 1999, How to be a one at work nine breakthrough strategies you need to succeed,Atlanta Times Business.Koestenbaum, P 2002, Leadership the inner side of greatness a philosophy for leaders. second ed.,Cairo John Wiley and Sons.Komives, S.R., Lucas, N., McMahon, T.R 1998, Exploring leadership for college studentswho want to make a difference, Michigan Jossey-Bass Publishers.Lahiry, S. 1994, Building commitment through organizational culture, Training andDevelopment, Vol. 3, pp.50-52.Lawler, E.E., et al. 2004, Human resources business process outsourcing transforming how HRgets its work done, Boston John Wiley and Sons.Michaels, P 1994, An expanded conceptual framework on organizational commitment and jobsatisfaction for sales strong point management, Journal of Business and Society, Vol. 7, No.1, pp .42-67.Mowday, R., Steers, R., Porter, L 1979, The measurement of organizational commitment,Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 14, pp.224-227.National Institute of Social Work, 1996, Leadership, teamwork and changing practice,New York National Institute for Social Work.Parcells, B., Coplon, J 1995, Finding a way to win the principles of leadership, teamwork,and motivation, Edinburgh Doubleday.Pearce, C.L., Conger, J.A 2002, Shared leadership reframing the hows and whys ofleadership, Boston SAGE.Phillips, D.T 1997, The founding fathers on leadership classic teamwork in changing times,capital of Red China Warner Books.Ramsey, R.D 2005, Lead, follow, or get out of the way how to be a more effective leader intodays schools, 2nd ed., Berlin Corwin Press.Rothwell, W.J 2008, Human Resource Transformation Demonstrating Strategic Leadership inthe Face of Future Trends, Edinburgh Davies-Black Publishing.Roth, K.K 2004, Executive Leadership Attributes Relating to Transformed Organizationa lHuman Resource Services A Study of Transformational Leadership, Amsterdam Universal-Publishers.Schermerhorn, J., Hunt, J., Osborn, R 1994, Managing Organizational Behavior,New York, NY Wiley Sons.Stogdill, R.M 1974, Handbook of Leadership A Survey of Theory and Research, New York,NY Free Press.Storey, J 2004, Leadership in organizations current issues and key trends, London Routledge.Vandenberg, R., Lance, C 1992, Examining the causal order of job satisfaction andorganizational commitment, Journal of Management, Vol. 18, No.1, pp.153-67Walker, J 2002, Ready, Aim, Inspire 101 Quotes on Leadership Teamwork, WashingtoniUniverse.West, W.A 2004, Effective teamwork practical lessons from organizational research, 2nd ed.,New York Wiley-Blackwell,.Williams, L.J., Anderson, S.E 1991, Job satisfaction and organizational commitment aspredictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors, Journal of Management,Vol. 17, No.3, pp.601-17.

Public Transportation | Construction Essay

Public transferral Construction EssayPublic fascinateation is an essential serv fruitcake that must be provided by the brass to its citizen. Yet, it still an issue faced by most of developing countries some(prenominal) all over the world including Malaysia. As it begins to transform itself to become a developed country in 2020, it is a crucial to thrust comfortable, reliable and affordable world-class do chief(prenominal) emigration system to meet the target. According to Ministry of jinxation (2012), by having efficient transport ne cardinalrk, several main transport issues faced by urban commonwealths such as high up traffic congestion during government none periods, cancellations and frequent delays of serv icing and lissomey access to public transport services and network can be solved immediately.As part of government inscription to develop interrupt system for public loony toons, Malaysia has invested in some another(prenominal) public impartation pict urening and agriculture program over the years. For example under(a)(a) 9th Malaysia architectural plan (2006-2010), RM 31.8 billion was in allocated to amend the public theodolite exertion. (Government of Malaysia, 2006). An additional RM 35 billion was further allocated under Budget 2009 (2009 2014) to enhance the public transportation services in Malaysia, for the allocation of overbold masses and provision of punter infrastructure facilities (Bernama, 2008). However, the utilization rate of public transportation is still poor and the use of clannish vehicles is continuously rising. This scenario indicates that in that respect be probably several f rights within the previous and current approach (PEMANDU, 2012). Since public transportation is real important to the mixer and economic life of the citizens, a red-hot plan of massive return under Government Transformation (GTP) Program, the National Key Result Area (NKRA) has been launched in November 2009. There ar 6 initiatives under this program and one of them is UPT-NKRA. It stands for NKRA Urban Public Transportation. The objective of UPT-NKRA may contrasting based on the phase of its implementation. Below are several objectives that imply to be achieved in 2010 and 2012.Improving the public transport modal share from 11% to 15% by the end of 2010 and to 25% by the end of 2012 during the forenoon peak period of 7am to 9pm in the Klang Valley and get out subsequently adapt and apply achievementful initiatives to Penang and Johor BahruImproving reliability and journey erasEnhancing commuters comfort and widget andImproving accessibility and drawivity so that the portionage of the population living within four hundred metres of a public transport route change magnitudes from 63% to 80% in 2012.(Source Ministry of Transport Malaysia 2012)In the real world, government policies may not achieve the target and the actual needs. Most of developing countries keep up contributed so m any efforts towards providing better public transportation. However, the implementation always faced with many difficulties. In Pakistan for instance, it was found that, factors corresponding over verbalize role of the private sector, lack capa city among public transport organizations, negligence in the development of high-capacity public transport, failure to use existing land and integration difficulty had been identified as major problems led to the scoreless of their policies (Imran, 2009). The continuous failure to serve the demand of citizens to enjoy better public transportation service is not good for a developed country to be. In Malaysia, becoming planning and significant benefit hardly had been seen in several main cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Klang Valley and Penang. On the other hand, Kota Kinabalu, the capital city of Sabah that is experiencing quick population harvest-festival and tremendous economic activities still have to depend on good deal to bring them into their destinations.This research pass on try to collapse the fix of public transportation polity on public bus transportation in Kota Kinabalu. Government insurance constitution at federal, verbalize and topical anaesthetic anesthetic train give be analysed together with several issue in public transportation. Besides, the feedback of various stakeholders mainly from the government and respective authoritative body, private bus-operators as vigorous as the public exploiters will be taken into account.PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN MALAYSIAKota Kinabalu and its Public TransportationKota Kinabalu is the capital city of Sabah which is populated by sight from various ethnics, races and religions. It is located within the rapidly developing West Coast Division1. Over the years, this city is experiencing several infrastructure developments. Many shopping complexes and mercantile buildings had been erected and these have encouraged more business and trade activities. Kota Ki nabalu is considered as an urbanizing city due to its economy and population produce. In 2010, the total estimate subjugate of population in Kota Kinabalu is 452, 058 (Statistics Department, 2011) with average household income RM 2487 per month (Economic Planning Unit, 2011). Apart from becoming a centre for education, business and social activities, Kota Kinabalu too have a number of attractive destinations for the local and inter study tourists. It was reported that, domestic and foreign visitors entered Sabah through Kota Kinabalu is 100,000 in 2004 and cast upd to 600, 000 in 2010 (Sabah Tourism board).To date, bus (includes express bus, minibuses and vans) still served as the main mode of public transportation to the local residents of Kota Kinabalu. The public bus system is operated by various private companies featured with variable quality. They provide traveling network and service in the urban, sub-urban and intercity areas. The main terminal is located in front of W awasan Plaza Building where the urban and suburban buses pick and drop their rider all over again. Another terminal is located in Inanam provides intercity buses service towards long distance travels such as Kudat, Ranau, Sandakan, Tawau, Lahad Datu and Semporna. Taxicabs besides still operate in this city but the service focus at the several main areas only such as at the airport, hospitals and terminal bus. Besides, a rail course line system cognize as Sabah State Railway also operated in this city. However, the destination coverage is limit to several areas where it connects Kota Kinabalu with Tenom and several other towns in between this railway it provides daily services for commuters, travelers, as well as for cargo transportation.Players in Public Transportation Government EntityGovernment entity is the important stakeholders in public transportation. all policy formulated by the government will affect the whole public transportation system in our country. Based on the in terpretation provided by Land Public Transport Act 2010, government entity defined as the federal government, or any state government, state authority or local government and any ministry, department, office, agency, authority, commission, committee, board, council or other body, corporate or unincorporate, of the Federal Government, or of any State Government or local government, whether naturalised under written law or otherwise. In Malaysia, federal government is most accountable party to ensure the better performance of public transportation end-to-end the country. Only this level of government able has the power to approve and grant funding to any plan and project suggested by the subordinates governments. This is clearly mentioned in the Laws of Malaysia (1997) where the responsibility for financial allocation to regional authorities or local authorities lies with the central government (Vigar et al, 2000). Not only trusty in allocate silver to be distributed to the subo rdinates government but also federal have the power to approve or disapprove any project and program proposed by the pooh-pooh governments. As transport matters are a federal listed responsibility under the Constitution of Malaysia., the remedyment of the public transport system can only be carried out with central governments approval since the Transport Ministry holds absolute power over transport planning (Laws of Malaysia, 1997). There are several department and unit of measurement under the federal administration works for public transportation namely Land Public Transport Commission, Road Transport Department commercial-grade Licensing Vehicle Board in Sabah and Sarawak and many more.Land Public Transport Commission (LPTC)Land Public Transport Commission is established on 3 June 2010 after the readiness of Land Public Transport Commission Act 2010 by Parliament in May 2010. This commission gained its full phase of the moon powers under the Land Public Transport Act 2010 and coming into force on 31 January 2011. By the establishment of this commission, the functions of Commercial Vehicles Licensing Board, Department of Railways and the tourism vehicles licensing function of the Ministry of Tourism in Peninsular Malaysia have been do inapplicable. However, LPTC only have jurisdiction power over peninsular Malaysia. The commercial Vehicles Licensing Board, Department of Railways and the Ministry of Tourism still reside to exercise their respective powers in Sabah and Sarawak. The table shown below summarize the power description of LPTC.PowersDescriptionsPlanningMaster plan to ensure comprehensive, integrated and sustainable infrastructure development.SPAD shall propose policies and plans in coition to or affecting land public transport, and develop strategies in line with the approved policies and plans with a view to achieving a safe, reliable, efficient, responsive, accessible, planned, integrated and sustainable land public transport, while en suring the provision of affordable services for the carriage of passengers and matched services for the carriage of goods.(The Land Public Transport Act 2010)RegulatoryMonitoring and mystify standard of performance of operators through licensing.Regulating all matters pertaining land vehicles such as train, bus and taxi services as well as road and rail-based freight transportEnforcementEnhanced powers encompassing powers to audit, investigate, suspend/revoke license, seize vehicles, and penalise operators.Carry out with close cooperation with other enforcement agencies such as the proud Malaysian Police and the Road Transport Department.Source Land Public Transportation Commission Official Website, 2012Road Transport DepartmentThis department is established on 1 April 1946 with the purpose to synchronize all aspects related to transportation all over the states. In line with the establishment of this department, various acts relating to land transportation had been formulated fo r example Road Traffic Ordinance 1958 and Land Transportation Act 1987. Both aim to uniform and standardize the national transportation law as well as to provide guideline to the department officers in exercising their duties. This department is under the Land Unit of Ministry of Transportation in Malaysia. It is responsible to provide counter service for vehicle and driving licensing as well as to enforce Land Transportation Act 1987 to ensure well behaved drivers and asylum of the roads users.Commercial Licensing Vehicle Board Sabah (CLVB)Commercial Licensing Vehicle Board in Sabah is established under Commercial Vehicles Licensing Board Act 1987. As stated in the act, the member of the board in Sabah must be appointed by the Minister and shall consist the a chairman, a deputy chairman, a exemplification of the State Ministry charged with the responsibility for transport, a representative of the Road Transport Department, a representative of the Federal Ministry charged with the responsibility for matters relating to the licensing of commercial vehicles and not more than six persons who in the opinion of the Minister have had wide experience or special knowledge in matters relating to transport. CVLB is set up to assist the development of commercial transport assiduity by establishing policies to ensure a ample and efficient commercial transport service (ww.malaysia.gov.my)Local GovernmentThe position of local government in Malaysia is stated in Federal Constitution. By virtue of items 4 and 5 of Ninth Schedule of Federal Constitution, local government outdoor(a) the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya is a subject under the State List. All local authorities outside the Federal Territories will be under the exclusive jurisdiction of States Government. There are 146 local councils in Malaysia make up of city councils, municipal councils, district councils, and special authorities and Kota Kinabalu City Hall is among of them. KKCH is only responsible to provide bus terminals, provide road lighting in their territoryProblem StatementSince the last three decades, government at the federal and state as well as at the local level had created various policies and plans to mend public transportation especially in urban areas. To date, significant improvement on public transportation had only been seen in several main cities such as Kuala Lumpur. The difference of this city from the others is that, apart from having various mode of moderne transportation such as Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Monorail System, Kuala Lumpur also have an integrated public bus system namely RapidKL which is characterized with attractive appearance, safety, standardisation and reliable schedule of journeys. Kota Kinabalu, one of the developing cities in Malaysia relies predominantly on buses for public transport since the past until present time and it will give carely to continue to be so for years. However, it is still not well-develop ed and population still perceived it as inadequate, less comfortable, less physically-attractive, non-punctual and unsafe. The only noticeable changes is the introduction of city bus service in 2009 which is still not give big implication to the performance of public bus transportation.As an effort to devil for continuous improvement on public transportation, UPT-NKRA is then launched in 2009. After almost 3 years of its implementation, certain cities begin to show the improvement on their public transportation services. Based on the GTP Annual Report 2011, 470 RapidKL buses were introduced, which increased the frequency of buses across the Klang Valley. As of 31 December 2011, up to 4.04 million more passengers used the RapidKL bus service in comparison to the preceding year. According to the prime minister, Dato Seri Najib Tun Razak, results of the NKRA of improving urban public transport have been promising as more people are taking the bus as their mode of transport (Bernama , May 18, 2012).Recently, the coordinator of the working group on public transportation in Malaysia, Mr. A. Sivarajan urged the government to re-evaluate national public transport policy in order to provide a more effective and efficient system to consumers (Bernama, October 25, 2012). According to the working group, several main problem as the concentration of bus service within Kuala Lumpur, the unsafe locations of bus stops, the non-passing of bus at certain bus stops area and poor network connectivity had been identified.The above-mentioned scenario convinced the researcher of the need to analyse the government public transportation policy. Based on the assumption that the public transportation policy is vague and implicit to the other states and cities, in that respect is a need to critically assess the policy in the context of public bus transportation in Kota Kinabalu. In trying to critically analyse the policy, it is equally important to explore the issues in public transpo rtation and to examine the feedback of the various stakeholders regarding government effort to improve public transportation though its policy implementation.Research ObjectivesTo analyse the public transportation policy regarding the public busin Kota KinabaluTo scrutinize the public transportation policy at federal, state and local levelTo examine the feedback of main stakeholders regarding government policy and public bus improvement in Kota KinabaluTo explore the issues associate with public transportationTo recommend solutions for policy improvement purposeResearch QuestionsIn respond to the listed objectives, several questions had been formulated and will be answered through the research. The questions that take into account areWhat are the government policies regarding public transportation in Kota Kinabalu?What is the position of bus in public transportation policy?How public bus transportation in Kota Kinabalu develops from the policy implementation?What is the stakeholders feedback towards the implementation of public transportation policy in Kota Kinabalu?How the issues affect the implementation of public transportation policy in Kota Kinabalu?Scope of theater of operationsThis study will be conducted in Kota Kinabalu. The focus is to analyse how the government policy affects public bus transportation in Kota Kinabalu. For the purpose of policy compend, it will cover the period since 1990 to present. The respondents of this study will be the representative from government and other authoritative bodies such Kota Kinabalu City Hall (KKCH), Road Transport Departments, Commercial Licensing Vehicle Board (CLVB), and private bus-operators as well as public bus users. This study would be conducted from February 2012 to June 2013.Limitation of resumeThe first obstacle that will be confronted by the researcher is limited accessibility to the desired data. Since this research employed historical method, the access to well-nigh existed data may not be gra nted. For example, government documents such as budget and policy plan that is perceived consist of confidential knowledge will not be easily given. Besides, some of required data may not be available due to poor record system such as ineffective newspaper strip service. The absence of these sources creates difficulty in tracing the chronology and meaningful trend of the public transportation policy and mount in Kota Kinabalu. Therefore, in order to get sufficient information, the data findings will not focus to one single area only. Several places need to be visited and more discover actors need to be referenceed.The minute of arc obstacle is the availability of the key person (respondent). In qualitative research that used question method to collect the data, difficulty will arises when the respondents cancel the interview appointment due to other commitments. Some of the respondents especially those at the top level management usually busy and often going outstations. This situation will possibly caused the problem to collect and analyse the data within the time framework. Therefore, the researcher must always follow up with the respective respondents and plan the interview schedule in organized manner together with the succour plan.Significance of StudyThe finding of this research is important for future planning purpose. It acts as a feedback to the current public transportation policy. The policy makers will be able to decide whether to change or to maintain the status quo of the policy based on the information provided.Besides, it also will contribute to the body knowledge of public transportation literature especially in the context of Sabah. It was found that here were some studies through to analyse the public transportation policy and none of them found to discuss the topic in regards with the public bus transportation. gum olibanum, it creates difficulty to the researchers to find convince and upstanding statement to support the finding s. At the same time, it will serve as a source of reference to the future researchers who seek information regarding this topic.The findings also will offer valuable information to public users as they will get cleared pictures and more understanding about the policy progress and how to improve the public bus transportation in Kota Kinabalu.Definition of Terms and ConceptsPolicyAccording to Dye (1984), public policy is defined as whatever government choose to do or not do. Dye definition is too broad to be really meaningful but by defining policy in such a way, it is possible to determine the actual or working policy of a government based on what government do or not do (Gunggut, 2006),As for him , it is not enough to disembodied spirit at the written documents such as laws and cabinet decisions but what is actually organism make or not being done by the government. In this paper, policy refers to any action and effort the government want to do and not to do including any program , plan and project that being formulated to serve the public interest.Policy AnalysisDye (2000 4) defined policy analysis as the description and explanation of the causes and consequences of government activities. For him, an analysis of a public policy should be exhibit a primary concern with explanation rather than ethical drug which is means the policy analyst should attempt to develop or test oecumenical propositions about the causes and consequences of public policy and to accumulate reliable search findings of general relevance.Public TransportationPublic transportation is defined as transportation by a conveyance that provides continuing general or special transportation to the public (Tran Kleiner, 2005). It excludes school buses, charter and sightseeing service and includes various modes such as buses, subways, rail, trolleys and ferry boats (Ibid)Unilever Case Study Analysis chock upUnilever Case Study Analysis SWOTINTRODUCTIONThere are many kinds of business e actuall ywhere where there are many issues related to the harvest-feast of the caller-up and antithetic strategies will enable different companies to tip over those goals. Unilever is a smart set started in 1930 formed of Dutch Margarine Company and British based lever brothers. Unilever holds a wide figure of speech of products which include food, personal care, beverages, canned foods, ice balms and many more which are worlds top hat consumer brands. The case study describes a lot of information regarding Unilevers business strategies, key elements of Unilevers highway to growth, how they rejuvenated and restructured the companies black moving performance to wide vagabond of brands across the world.BRIEF CASE STUDYUnilever was created in 1930 as an government issue of merger with dual chairpersons and headquarters one in Netherlands and other in United Kingdom. This is of one the big and best competitors in the industry which holds wide range of products. The two chairperso ns have launched a dodge in early 2000 to recover the partys performance which was said to be lackluster. With the new strategies the company showed a significant progress and has gone through many dealings over the future(a) years, this made the company to open 20 new acquisitions worldwide and increased the gross revenue enhancement of the company. Thus the companys business was restructured, renovated and improved through its acquisitions. Then their came companies likes nestle which effecting the growth of Unilever. Unilever then started efforts to attract and motivate young, talented and innovative managers from outside its company.TASK 1 SWOT A planning technique which is used for summarizing the key issues and evaluates the Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) in any business is called an SWOT analysis. Analysis is the brief study of any case how they are going to be obtained, who are responsible for causing it and solving it by planning which i nvolves cozy and external factors of a business or an organization internal factors are classified as strengths(S) or weaknesses (W) and external factors are classified as Opportunities (O) or Threats (T). Strengths are those characteristics of a person or a company that are efficacious to achieve the goals. Weaknesses are the characteristics of a person or a company that is destructive to achieve the objective. Opportunities and threats are the external factors that are assistive in achieving and damaging the business performance respectively. The figure1 show the illustrative diagram of SWOT analysis. The internal factors include personal, finance, manufacturing capabilities, etc and the external factors may include technological changes which may cause changes in products and solvees that is inventing a new product or devising the product better which include quality of the product and the consumer desire, merchandise influences due to unemployment judge effect the company and price factors is one of the important thing to keep in mind , market place is one more thing which is in truth important that is the company or a business should be located in a convenient environment to the consumers to attract and the product should be user friendly. Another important factor is that its external appearance the packing and the name of the products should be eye catchy. At last he guest relations should be friendly and consumer satisfaction is very necessary. Other than these there are some more factors which may be changing due to economic and social factors and competitive positions which may create new opportunities or threats.SWOT analysis is useful in decision making when most wanted these include nonprofit organizations, individuals. It is the only method for classification and has its own weaknesses. A SWOT which produces no strategies is of no use whereas which generates important strategies is useful.Unilever had a very tough competition during that t ime when it was transport about the changes it was probably at this stage that these companies had moved forward with there various strategies.Skills, assets, finance, facilities are the resources which are used in any business to contest in the industry. In the same way Unilever used their own resources to grow as giant company. They have implemented SWOT analysis and implemented new business strategies and rejuvenated their company from lack lust to significant progress in sales. It has concentrated on marketing and advertising its business and gained increased pricing with supermarket vendors. Unilever was follow in sales when compared with nestle, Procter Gamble, Kelloggs etc its manner of growth schema which met considerable uncertainty which made Unilever to undertake a series of actions by cutting the companies profile to reach corporate goals and introduced 20 new acquisitions worldwide and restructured the company into two divisions one includes all food products and other household and personal care. Then started other two new businesses across the world.The external market factors such as technological changes, social factors, and other companies growth made a very big impact on the consumer preferences and Unilever had to cut its revenue growth. Later it continued to obtain more products across the world and these products gave managers to make their own decision making to set priorities by introducing new initiatives. Unilever has even motivated and attracted young talented managers from outside the company to join their company. According to Unilevers SWOT analysis the strengths of the company are recognized as it is a global company with strong brand profile with worlds best brands and maintains strong relation with its retailers. only coming to its weaknesses it has insufficient management of brands and doesnt not connect with customers. And inability to maximize acquisitions has reduced spending for R D. Thought it has got many opport unities by introducing many products by changing customer preferences and increase in exertion of quality goods. There are threats equally which cause decrease in revenues with high market competition, increasing the number brands and exchange rates.There are many growth expectations, risks, profit margins in food and house hold industry which is composed of many sectors and sub sectors by challenging the change of customers preferences with challenging gibe firms to gain market shares. Then with competitive achievement by creating attractive products through acquisitions and with capability of growing sales of the brands which existed and improve margins. For all this the many key to success was advertising the products. By improving the profits of the company not only included shifting sales of the products but also boosting efficiency and unit costs.There were three factors which worried in 2000, the consolidation pressures in food industry which bothered were slower growth rat es in food industries, rapid consolidation among grocery markets that is between mark manufactures and private manufactures for good self space in the grocery investment firms. In the United States for several years the food industry was miserable and was expected to continue for few more years due to more women working and decreasing house hold sizes, single parents and singles. But the food industry in Europe, Asia, Africa and other less developed countries were attractive. Thought the competition between branded and private manufactures was a never ending issue, private manufactures improved their quality of products by growing market shares. Then there came many giant super markets and gave an opportunity for private brands with attractive prices below branded products and even provided checkout scanners to sponsor the customers know price difference which tempt them toBRIEF SWOT ANALYSIS OF UNILEVERS CASE STUDY STRENGHTS WEAKNESSESSGlobal company.Reduced spending for R D.Be st smirchs. Inability to maximize acquisitions.Strong relation with retailers. Insufficient management of brands.Dual Leadership.OPPURTUNITIES THREATSIncreasing in need of quality products. Decrease in revenues. Changing customer preferences. Strong competition.Increase in brands.shift to the private brands. Due to the heavy competition among them manufactures had to cut down the costs of the products, number of versions of the products and gauge out weak brands and concentrate on those brands which were favorite among the customers and those could develop into global brands. Introducing dual headquarters by dividing the food industry which consisted of 6 categories and household industry which consisted of 8 categories there were many benefits such as improving food and household industry by focusing more on them regionally and globally. Accelerating decision making and successful integration of R D though there were some critics that Unilever has been paying more for some of i ts acquisitions such as acquire Amora Maille.Unilever as of then in 2003 had been seen as a growing organization which probably had all the necessary requirements to make it a force to recon with, during the Path to harvest-home strategy many aspects of the company had come out some of them included the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths, probably the biggest strength that the company had at that time was the correct selection of the brands and the products it had in store unilever had done many researches and had to make many decisions to get the right combinations products that where to be sold it also had the right ideas to increase the sales and all the leading brands to help its cause. Unilever was very good at that time even if the financial aspect was taken into consideration it could experiment with various aspects of its store cause had the financial backup which was required at that time to help it implement various ideas and deal with the market pressures, for any company to improve its sales marketing always plays a very important role this was probably there biggest strength as the marketing strategy applied by them managed to grab peoples attention as they halcyon to be connected to and much more simplistic and realistic.Unilever did manage all its clients very well considering that during a phase when they where cutting on the brands it would have been a risk to out anything at that time but it was very well managed by the company. Mainly the fact that unilever was now looking to make the higher range or the brands which where more historied as there core brands which made it much easier for them to advertise considering that it is much easier to promote a very well known and a trusted brand rather than a normal or new brand to increase the sales.Weaknesses, though unilever had a very good policy and all the right objectives to make a difference in the industry it couldnt happen basically due to the lack of decent org anization, it was actually much like a bureaucratic organization where things where divided between too many people and it had become difficult to get the ideas moving due to the lack of proper organization, it probably all started with the fact that the company had to deal with too many brands in the first place it would obviously have the impact when the Path to Growth strategy came up cause of the then 1600 brands only 400 brands where retained and rest all where either removed or replaced, that shows that due the lack of proper organization and too many brands being part of it didnt help it in making the changes it wanted to in a better and quickest way. The organization was probably one field in which the company was lacking because it was felt that at the top of the company as there were too many people making decisions and these decisions had to be put forward and this delayed the process of improvement for the company.Opportunities, during this phase of development and renew ing it content and upgrading of the stock it turned out to be very fruitful as it provided many working opportunities for people it was at that time that many people where starting to get full time work, during this phase a lot of acquisition also took place with the major brands which resulted in some alterations in plans to that which were planned.SlimFast which is a private company is another acquisition of Unilever after implementing path to growth strategy in 2000 the company bargained an agreement to purchase slimfast diet foods. It had strong sales and network and has a special space in every(prenominal) super market and drugstores these products were made from natural ingredients and added vitamins and minerals to provide good nutritional profile. It also maintained a very good relationship with Food and drug Administration (FDA) and other agencies. Unilever has concentrated more on this Slimfast since the company was growing fast and attracted the customers to buy more of it for healthier and long living life . oversight of Unilever employ the opportunity to globalize the product in other countries like Europe, Australia due to increase in the percent of obese. According to the world health organization percent of the obese was increasing gradually.UNILEVERS TOP COMPETITORS? Figure Competitors Performance Comparison http//finance.aol.com/company/unilever-plc-amer/ul/nys/top-competitors Ben Jerrys acquisitions which produces one of the finest ice creams anywhere in pint cartons and wholesale at groceries. Their sales slogan was Vermont finest All Natural Ice cream. They never use any artificial flavors thought the cost is little more it is value the price. According to the time magazine Vermont makes the best ice cream in the world with 29 flavors in pint cartons and 45 flavors in bulk cartons. There products were distributed throughout the world. On demand Ben jerry operated three manufacturing plants where Vermont plant produces super premier i ce cream and frozen yogurts where as spring field produces ice cream, lot fat ice creams in bulk, pint cartons and half gallons.Dreyers and Haagen-Dazs were the two major competitors of Ben jerry and other competitors were Colombo frozen yogurts, Kemps ice cream and star bucks. Ben Jerry produces a wide range of ice creams products like sticks, bars, frozen yogurt pops etc. Though Haagen- Dazs was the global market leader followed by Ben jerry it had an insignificant market share in United States where as Haagen- Dazs was more significantly sold in foreign markets. Both Ben jerry and Haagen-Dazs produced ice creams with cookies and candies in it.Bestfoods was a global company across the world almost in 60 countries which was busy in manufacturing and marketing the food products. Bestfoods profits are almost from outside of the United States that is almost 60 percent of its profits. It is one of the best managed food companies among United States who has much number of employees working with in their company in which half of them were at non US locations. The company increased payments for 14 in series(p) years has its revenues grow by7.8 percent annual rate and suddenly slow downed during the period of 1997 and 1999. Then the company introduced a strategy with four core elements.globalization of the companys core consumersProducts which are new in the market are needed to be globalized that is the products which are less popular among the consumers, are needed to be publicise and market those products to increase its sales and profits of those products. Few such products are knorr product line, salad dressing and food service operations. The advertising of such kind of products was done very well in order to get those products globally recognized and be accepted among many big brands and soon they became household names.Improvement in cost effectivenessWith changing customer preference the quality of the products must be improved and therefore there sho uld also be improvement in cost effectiveness as the quality improves cost increases. Cost effectiveness is nothing but it is a way by which you show to a customer that a certain is product is worth using or is better than other product or the money u spend on it is worth it. Cost effectiveness in simple would be defined as showing the worth of the product.Looking for new market opportunitiesExtending the product sales all over the world via new product introductions and extending sales of the products which are existed in the market. It is very important for any company to be always alert and look for opportunities to extend the business to a large scale and see it in a bigger picture based on the opportunities it gets.Using free exchange to make new acquisitionWith expanding the products and brands company has created 60 acquisitions in the global market. After struggling a lot in June 2000 best foods agreed to be acquired by Unilever. Best foods were the largest acquisition unde rtaken by Unilever by as far as concerned and which makes a largest combination of food companies in 12 years. Management of Unilever believed that combining and assimilating bestfoods would result in pre tax cost saving, better efficiencies in business process, synergy in distribution marketing, reformation of general and administrative functions and improved economies of scale.By creating robust business in United States market, increasing strengths of Unilever and best foods in Europe, building of best foods in Latin the States to drive on up the growth of Unilever brands, by distributing strengths in Asia- pacific to grow and sped up Bestfoods brands and increasing the sales of Unilever products by food service channel of Bestfoods.The work culture was so casual to make the atmosphere fun and lively with communication between the management and employees. The company respected the employees suggestions and respected them even paid the employees a reasonable salaryFinally Unilev er has announced sale of Bestfoods Backing Company to Canadian food and super market group known as George Weston for $ 1.76billion though Unilever declared to divest Bestfoods Baking Company and Unilever other products and bakery products does not exit any more at Unilever. Bestfoods has 19plans across the United States with a strong management team and was entirely US based. It was one of the best distributing for delivering the baked products which are really baked fresh and sent directly to the retail stores. With its dedication and hard work Bestfoods sales has increased its profit margins by 8 percent. Later again Unilever announced to sell 19 Bestfood brands across North America to ACH food companies which is a supplementary of Associated British Food. By successfully combining the operations of bestfoods with Unilever by the year end of 2003 the two companies had been merged in 63countries across the worldTASK 2Path to GrowthPath to growth strategy was initiated in 2000 and was restructured for several years for better and significant results. The key elements of this Unilevers path to growth strategy were cutting down its brands from 1600 brands to 400core brands to achieve top line sales and increase profits by advertising the brands which are more popular and leading brands across the world and concentrating on R D. Another important key element was divesting underperforming brands and theirs companies and introducing more innovated things to enhance the internal development of the organization and making new acquisitions.Unilevers years of slow performance and its lack of corporate strategy in the competition industry with low number of brands and ordinary performance in growing markets with a little global presence made to create a path to growth strategy which was a 5 year growth plan which made them to concentrate on more brands and product innovations for internal and external growth of the company. And made the company to grow with acquisitio ns.According to FitzGerald and Bergmans path to growth strategy they predicted to manufacture double digit wages per share growth and superior positions. Focusing on the key brands by advertising and marketing made business grow higher and build brand value and increased brands prices. The case study shows Unilever as a global company according to SOWT analysis after introducing the path to growth strategy the company had really increased its sales and with introducing more number of acquisitions and cutting down the cost of revenues. As the acquisitions like Slimfast, Ben jerry and best foods were rapidly growing their market across the world building a very strong profile and providing customers attractive products and offers. Slim fast has 20%anual growth rate with strong sales and distribution all over the world and also maintained good customer relation. Where Ben jerry was worlds giant ice cream products and yogurt maker with strong brand equity. Bestfoods was USs 10 largest food products company with a strong global position.The two key elements of the Unilevers new business strategy was to cut down on the number of brands that were being sold or being marketed by the company, at that time Unilever was operating with as many as 1600 brands and much more products due to this the cut down on the number of products and brands was considered, the 1600 brands that where part of the company were cut down to as many as 400 core brands, the core brands mostly included all the famous and popular brands which are generally very popular among people, this idea came up as to make sure that the products where sold and by doing this it would not be much of a problem for the marketi8ng of these products as most of these brands where already day to day and very famous brands which people would generally prefer buying, which would mean that it would take much less an effort to connect to the people and more over the marketing was also done in such a way that people wh ere able to connect to it very easily, the other key element of the unilevers strategy was to remove all the underperforming companies or brands and introduce some other new brands or companies in order to enhance the internal development of the organization and make new acquisitions which would enhance the sales of the company and make it more likable for the people this strategy was designed to increase the sales of the company and get rid of the companies which where not much in demand .Weaknesses according to SWOT analysis showed the company has dual leadership, insufficient management of brands and reduced R D after all this slow performance and small global presence the management has introduced path to growth strategy, which increased the company sales with cutting down it costs and introducing more acquisitions resulted in globalizing the company.As a result there were few expectations to achieve a double digit growth and securing a better position in global market for food and household products by increasing the quality of the product to gain pricing power and attract more customers. But according to the strategy plan the targets which were set was really high that is top line sales growth of 5-6 percent annually, increasing profits, and plan to complete by the end of 2004.If we look and take the path to growth strategy we can tell whether the strategy is working or not, we can say that it is working by its success rates and increase in profits and increase in brands and acquisitions that is the consumer preferences have changed due to which the products quality has changed and prices have changed the leading brands sales have increased from 75 percent to 93 percent. Food and personal care industry have increased its profits consistently. Operating assets have also improved by 9 percent. Acquisitions like slim fast, Ben jerry and best foods have gradually improved its growth and established its acquisitions all over the world. But the other side i t is completely not yes, Unilever was gaining profits significantly after introducing new strategies but it was losing too yes it reported a net loss of $318M as the competitions was increasing and new brands were coming in to the market and rivals were introducing new strategies to compete Unilever. In the year 2004 sales grew only by .4 percent leading brands by .9 percent so this proves that Unilever was lagging behind competitors in term of innovation and advertising.Unilevers lack of advertising and marketing failed to improve sales. The company was small and not globalized. In this case Unilever attracted the new young talented manages to join their company with innovated ideas to increase its company profits by new methods of advertising and marketing. To justify Unilever strategies it maintained dual headquarters and dual chairpersons which reduced effective thinking and slow downed the decision making. Unilever is divided into Unilever Plc and Unilever NV. This made Unilev er to focus on the needs of the customers and increase its sales profits in various industries like food, personal case, and household industries all over the world.As customers demand the products which are of the best quality and branded but at the same time convenient, cheap and attractive. The market for household products have been decreased its profits as the numbers of single parents have been increased and the rate of females working out have been increased and the demand for the healthy and high quality food has been increased. The consumers preference of the products such as its look, quality of the product and nutritional values has been increased by providing a strong competition against its giant competitors and private manufactures. This allows Unilever to focus on the need of its customers by increasing its sales.In 2003 Unilever executing its path to growth strategy by increasing its operating margins to over 15percent, but the sales of the leading brands growth as s lowdown and raised questions among the investors and retailers that whether company brands could deliver some 5-6 percent of growth in revenues in the next coming years.TASK 3Unilevers current business StrategiesEver since the Path to Growth strategy ended in 2005 there has been a 15% increase in the sales and development in the overall progress of Unilever. After the Path to Growth came to an end a new process was developed by Unilever called as the Brand Imprint which helped the marketing teams in understanding how the business could face risks as well as opportunities from the social, economic and environmental issues. In this process each brand was scrutinized by a team looking into various aspects of it such as the direct as well the indirect impacts of the product, it also analyse how the brand would go ahead in the future looking at the products possibilities of growth both from a customer and a stakeholders point of view.The outcome of the Brand Imprint is that the process has helped in making important decisions for the company keeping the future in perspective it also developed in addressing social missions, social and environmental issues.The Brand Imprint provided a perfect experience to find some systematic and measurable ways to explore different brands and improve the brands by addressing social issues, helping people the product well and reducing the environmental issues.When the S.W.O.T analysis was done on the Path to Growth strategy many different aspects of the strategy where scrutinized using the SWOT analysis in which it dealt with many aspects such as the strength, weakness, opportunities and the threats that are being faced. After the analysis it came out that it had been very useful to determine the various aspects attached to it.Unilever for years had been a slow developing company, though the company had the right infrastructure and the capital but it couldnt utilize it decent that was basically the reason why the path to growth an d various other strategies where starting to come up to help the company to increase the sales of the products and improve the business. Path to growth played a major part in the development of the company.The Path to Growth strategy did prove to be preferably a useful thing considering the fact that during this period almost all of the unsuccessful brands where removed or replaced and the brands which where trusted and kept managed to increase the sales by 75% to 93%.Unilevers growth was considerably slow during this phase because the company was at that stage making very drastic changes and for these changes to come up and make a difference was something unexpected but the companys growth was obvious in certain fields thanks to the new strategies that had come in to improve the sales of the company so as to improve the business of the company. It was due to the fact that the company probably took way too much time u started and implement its plans that it caused the success to be not as higher as expected.Many business analysts and commentators felt that most of the strategies of the path to growth where working fine but there was always a speculation that what ever progress was talking place was happening too slow considering the competition the market was in with at that time, it was also felt that as the basic functionality of the business was spread among way too many people made the management way to complex and it would have been better off if it was simpler. It did work out fine when it came to the advertising of the product and getting it known to the people as it was more public oriented and it used the sources to the full extent to connect to the people. It did experience a drastic growth during that period as the analysis had proved that the company had the highest growth percentage as compared to any other company during that period it did bring in high profits to the company but looking at the whole picture it did prove to be a huge loss for th e company considering the fact that they faced a countable loss in the revenue margin and that proved to be the difference, though it did have the right amount of sales and customers due to the slowness of there analysis to sort out and remove or replace the stuff did make a difference to analysis in the larger picture.But the company did grow during that time which might as well have effected the revenue cause many new store where started and large number of employees where starting to be employed on a full time basis. It did do quite well on the international market as well.By looking at the way the company had grown during this stage is quite remarkable many business analysts and commentators had felt that they probably had the right scheme of action because during that time they where handling 1600 brands and which was way too much and among those were quit few brands which hardly made any diff to the company so then the whole idea of brands cut based on the market outlook and s ales reports was looked into to classify as to which of the products or brands where fast selling and which had the scope to sell more. It was that idea to cut down on the number of brands and start promoting only few brands which where much easier to be marketed and which where more likable by the people by which it would increase the sales and also make the marketing of these products easier cause when you are promoting bigger brands which are often very well known to public would mean that u don have to spend much on the marketing.Did the company experience growth during this period? Yes, would be the right thing to say voiding the minor things which might effect the outcome but it did see the light of success though slowly and there process and ideas where starting to get implemented in a better way and in a more successful way to deal with the growth of the company, the process of cutting down on the under selling companies was probably the decision that started to turn the tid e for the company as it was when the losses where starting to be covered and it was mor

Robert Maynard Pirsig Bibliography :: Author, Pirsig, Biography

Robert Maynard Pirsig BibliographyRobert Maynard Pirsig was born in Minneapolis on September 6, 1928. After high school Pirsig decided to join the army and from the ages of 18 to 22 served the United States. Once discharged, he decided to study at the University of Minnesota. Here he obtained degrees in philosophy and journalism.(1) Once finished, Pirsig decided to travel to India. He talks about this trip in his book, stating it as a trip that expanded his experience solely not his understanding.When he returns, he marries his first wife, Nancy Ann James, an administrator, on May 10, 1954. (2) Working many jobs, including an teacher for English composition at Montana State College and instructor of rhetoric at the University of Illinois, he receives a break and then becomes a technical writer for a variety of technical institutions. Though the time menses could not be found (puzzling?), I believe his transition from teacher to writer was when he suffered his mental breakdow n. During this event he received electrical shock treatment, which coincides with Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. He divorced on August, 1978 and remarried to Wendy L. Kimbell on December 28, 1978. His first child, Christopher, from the first marriage dies shortly after on November 17, 1979.(1)He is now living in New Hampshire with his wife and 2 kids, Theodore and Nell. He tries to remain reclusive explainingThe Buddhist monk has a precept against pampering in idle conversation, and I think the basis of that precept is what motivates me. (Letter from Robert Pirsig to Boduar Skutuik, August 17th, 1997) While residing here he released his newest book, Lila An Inquiry into moral, released in 1991.

Virginia Woolfs Use of Moments of Being Essay -- Biography Biographie

Virginia Woolfs Use of Moments of Being Virginia Woolf is recognized as one of the great innovators of modern fiction. Her experiments with headland of view and her use of stream of consciousness have influenced many writers that followed her. But one particularly interesting technique that does not seem to receive frequently attention is her use of moments of being. She first mentions moments of being in her essay, A Sketch of the Past, which was to be the beginning of her memoirs. She begins with one of her earliest memories a night in the greenhouse at St. Ives. She vividly recalls the way the blinds fluttered in the wind, the light coming through the window and the sound of the sea. She had a feeling of lying in a grape and seeing through a film of semi-transparent yellow (65). This memory is so strong that when she recalls those sensations they become more real for her than the present moment. This observation leads her to wonder why some moments ar e so powerful and memorable--even if the events themselves are unimportant--that they can be vividly recalled while other events are easily forgotten. She concludes that there are twain kinds of experiences moments of being and non-being. Woolf never explicitly defines what she means by moments of being. Instead she provides examples of these moments and contrasts them with moments of what she calls non-being. She describes the previous day as Above the average in being. It was fine I enjoyed make-up these first pages . . . I walked over Mount Misery and along the river and save that the tide was out, the country, which I n... ...ople. When the cotton wool is rent, when one experiences a moment with estimable consciousness, one experiences the true intensity of life. These moments of being can be read as brief poems hidden among the trivial details of life that some characters--and readers with them--are gilded enough to experience. Works Cited Wint erson, Jeanette. A Gift of Wings. In Art Objects Essays on Ecstasy and Effrontery. New York Vintage Books, 1995. Woolf, Virginia. Between the Acts. New York Harcourt rouse & Company, 1969. -------. Mrs. Dalloway. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981. -------. To the Lighthouse. New York Harcourt Brace & Company, 1981. -------. A Sketch of the Past.In Moments of Being.Ed. Jeanne Schulkind. 2nd ed. New York Harcourt Brace & Company, 1985.